SUPPORTING THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDAa United Nations System Commitment for Action to assist Member States delivering on the post-2020 global biodiversity framework© 2020 United NationsAll rights reserved worldwideRequests to reproduce this publication in whole or in part should be sent to permission@un.org.Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of a commercial company or product does not imply endorsement by the cooperating partners. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views, the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations or its officials or Member States, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement.Acknowledgements Lead authors: François Guerquin and Jorge L. VentocillaEditor: Ronald G. WittLayout, illustrations and Graphics: Carolyne Daniel, Zoï Environment NetworkMain contributors: Fiona Kinniburgh (Bavarian School of Public Policy, Technical University of Munich); Neil Pratt (CBD Secretariat); Arabella Comyn, Hossein Fadaei, Clara Mottura (EMG Secretariat); Aleksandar Rankovic, Damien Barchiche, Lucien Chabason, Alexandra Deprez, Marcel Jouve (IDDRI); Renée Ankarfjard (IFAD); Lorena Jaramillo (UNCTAD); Tim Scott (UNDP); Neville Ash, Jeremy Harrison (UNEP-WCMC).Special thanks go to all those who contributed to this report, especially to the 51 EMG Member Agencies which through designated focal points to the UN Environment Management Group and to its consultative process made this report possible. The list of all contributers and reviewers is provided in Annex.We would also like to acknowledge the generous support and contribution from the Ministry of Environment of Finland.------- 2 -------SUPPORTING THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDAa United Nations System Commitment for Action to assist Member States delivering on the post-2020 global biodiversity framework“Supporting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by enhancing UN system-wide collaboration and coherent responses on environmental matters”------- 4 -------Table of Contents2 Disclaimer2 Acknowledgements6 Forewordby the United Nations Secretary-General7 Statementby the Executive Heads of the Members of the Environment Management Group9 Executive Summary12 Introduction14 The Role of Biodiversity in Sustainable DevelopmentHuman dependencies on biodiversity The interlinkages between Biodiversity and the 2030 Agenda22 Roles and contributions of the UN system during the 2011-2020 Decade for Biodiversity28 Looking forward: paving the way for a UN agenda for action on biodiversityI. Support country abilities to halt biodiversity loss and to sustainably use and enhance biodiversity through policies and programmesII. Establish strong coalitions for biodiversity III. Mainstream biodiversity in UN internal operations IV. Enhance UN-wide coherence and follow-up on biodiversity36 References38 List of Acronyms40 Annex: Contributors and ReviewersForewordby the United Nations Secretary-GeneralSince early 2020, the world has been upended by a global pandemic indifferent to national borders, ethnicity or social status. COVID-19 has also highlighted the catastrophic consequences that continuous pressure on natural ecosystems can have for human health, livelihoods and economies. The conservation, sustainable use and management of biodiversity and ecosystems is growing more urgent by the day.The 2019 Global Assessment Report1 of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) states that around 25 per cent of species in assessed animal and plant groups are threatened, suggesting that some one million species already face extinction, and also warns that current biodiversity loss is increasingly putting human security and well-being at risk.The goals that have been set for 2030 and beyond for conserving and sustainably using nature and achieving sustainable development will not be achieved under current trajectories.As governments work towards a post-2020 global biodiversity framework, the United Nations system is fully committed to supporting them. This includes promoting policies, investments and actions that are carbon-neutral and protect nature. To that end, we advocate a focus on nature across the whole United Nations system and developing a common approach to integrating biodiversity and nature-based solutions for sustainable development into the organization’s policy and programme planning and delivery.The United Nations system will support transformative actions to promote maintaining and enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services in key areas, such as food and agriculture, forest management, ecosystems, biosafety, governance and human rights.2 All UN entities will be engaged, including those not traditionally involved in biodiversity work, and an emphasis will be placed on awareness-raising and advocacy.This report by the United Nations Environment Management Group is an important first step in demonstrating the Organization’s commitment to support Member States and stakeholders in making transformative changes. It stresses the need to urgently step up to the challenges of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, which is being exacerbated by climate change, by working together in partnership with Member States, civil society and the private sector, and taking actions that place people, nature and climate at the heart of our sustainable development efforts.I welcome this report and call on the executive heads of United Nations system entities to support the implementation of its recommendations to stem global biodiversity loss.António Guterres1 https://ipbes.net/global-assessment 2 SG’s Executive Comittee decision of 25 March 2020.------- 6 -------Statementby the Executive Heads of the Members of the Environment Management GroupWe, the Executive Heads of the members of the Environment Management Group,Deeply concerned that despite substantial and repeated attention to the high stakes of sustainability, humanity remains on an unsustainable development path;Noting that the scale and pace of biodiversity loss is increasingly recognized3 as a risk for people, societies and the economy, including for the effective enjoyment of human rights, the eradication of poverty and key sectors such as food production, fresh water and health;Aware that the cost of inaction in the face of biodiversity loss is estimated to rise to at least US$ 14 trillion, 7 per cent of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2050 4, and that biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation are already disproportionately affecting marginalized populations;Note with concern that public incentives and subsidies potentially harmful to biodiversity are conservatively estimated to be US$ 500 billion per year, while current financial flows to support biodiversity are only around US$ 50-80 billion per year, with current biodiversity-related bilateral official development assistance (ODA) being less than US$ 10 billion per year. The annual global funding needed to safeguard nature is estimated at US$ 300-400 billion, which would bring substantial co-benefits beyond biodiversity protection alone, for example in reducing risks related to climate change, health and food security5, as well as actively enhancing biosphere carbon stocks and mitigating carbon emissions6,7;Recognize the importance of building on synergies across the United Nations system;Recognize the importance of addressing both the direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss and the need for transformative changes in our societies, economies and institutions;Deeply concerned with the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the lives of individuals, the prosperity of communities and the economy of nations;Commit to assist countries in protecting and enhancing biodiversity as part of our commitment to the implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at all levels within our own mandates and obligations, building on synergies across the UN system and engaging the stakeholders concerned; andCommit to ensure biodiversity is mainstreamed across our policies, programmes and internal operations at all levels within our own mandates and obligations to ensure a nature-positive UN, builing on our agencies’ existing strategies and in order to provide a more coherent UN system response and action to support the implementation by Member States of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.3 IPBES, 2019; WEF, 2020; UNEP, 2019; WWF, 2018; CBD, in prep.; WHO and CBD, 2015. 4 Alterra, 2008; WEF, 2020a. 5 OECD, 2019. 6 IUFRO, 2012. 7 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 2018.------- 7 -------------- 8 -------Executive SummaryBiodiversity is fundamental to our existence, our economies, the quality of life for all people and the effective enjoyment of human rights. It provides food and feed, energy, medicines, genetic resources, timber and a variety of other essential materials, as well as regulating our climate and other life-supporting natural systems. Consequently, biodiversity objectives are embedded across the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Fourteen out of the 17 SDGs have biodiversity elements directly critical to the success of their achievement, enhancing the need to better mainstream biodiversity across all sectors of the economy and society.As human exploitation of natural systems and their resulting degradation advance in many parts of the world, the economic benefits extracted have come with ever-increasing costs, particularly for the poor, at the same time as countries are facing reduced capacities to deal with the effects of climate change, along with the medium-term economic and other impacts of COVID-19. Over half of the world’s GDP is moderately to highly dependent on biodiversity8, such as through pollination, soil health, water quality and provision of natural resources, with construction, agriculture and food & beverages being the three largest economic sectors most dependent. Biodiversity is the foundation of business supply chains, as well as for sustainable development.According to the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019; hereafter Global Assessment Report), nature can be conserved, restored and used sustainably, while other global societal goals are simultaneously met through urgent and concerted efforts fostering transformative change. This also echoes similar calls from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its special report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, the European Environment Agency’s (EEA) Sustainability transitions: policy and practice, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s (CBD) fifth Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO-5), UNEP’s Global Environment Outlook (GEO)-6 and FAO’s report on The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (FAO, 2019).8 WEF, 2020.------- 9 -------Most of the SDG targets related to biodiversity and environmental sustainability are not on track, posing a risk to the overall achievement of the 2030 Agenda. Current negative trends in the status of biodiversity and ecosystem services are undermining progress towards 80 per cent of assessed SDG targets on poverty, hunger, health, water, cities, climate, oceans and land. Lack of achievement in these areas will also have a bearing on achieving SDG-16 on peace, justice and strong institutions.The implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework will need to address the direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss and help to catalyse ecosystem restoration over the decade as a basis for progress towards the SDGs. The entire UN system has a central role to play in these efforts, knowing that biodiversity serves as a safety net for humanity, by buffering us from the worst of climate change, sustaining our health and well-being and maintaining economies. By conserving and sustainably using biodiversity we can harness the power of nature to secure the future health, security and a path out of poverty for billions of people.This requires that the UN builds political momentum to catalyse a decade of action for people, nature and climate, which may not only be the last chance to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, but also to prepare a development pathway for the future that recognizes our dependency on nature. A «business-as-usual» course of action is no longer viable if transformative change is to be achieved, particularly during the current global pandemic that threatens the lives and livelihoods of millions of people.UN entities have already responded in various ways to the biodiversity challenge in their planning and programming. Many global and regional UN entities have relevant programmes and/or projects, including the opportunities provided by the regional commissions and sustainable development fora. Their respective intergovernmental and governing bodies provide guidance and support the integration of biodiversity into national policies and strategies for sustainable development.Engaging and empowering new and existing constituencies across sectors and society will be essential. Progress on enhancing biodiversity for sustainable development will require building on complementary capacities from across the UN system of global entities and regional commissions to unlock new resources and partnerships for biodiversity. Enhancing synergies among multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and beyond will also provide much-needed integration and efficiency in implementing the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.This report highlights the relevance of biodiversity to the work of UN entities and its multiple benefits across the SDGs, human development, health and food security, human rights, and to global efforts to achieve poverty eradication, gender equality, climate resilience, chemicals management, sustainable economies and intergenerational equity, to name but a few issues. As a new decade begins, urgent efforts are required to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and all actors will need to work together in a coordinated manner.This report draws on input from all 51 EMG members, providing information on the relevance of biodiversity to their existing mandates, as well as to their current activities and programmes. The analysis reveals - among other findings - that for direct drivers of biodiversity loss, the most striking gaps lie in mainstreaming in relation to climate change; in collaboration and coalitions in relation to climate change; and in monitoring, assessment and knowledge-sharing in relation to pollution. For indirect drivers, there appear to be gaps in monitoring, assessment and knowledge-sharing in relation to economic and technological issues and in relation to institutional and governance issues; in collaboration and coalitions in relation to institutions and governance issues; and in all six functions in relation to conflicts and epidemics.Concerned by the negative trends in the status of biodiversity and based on the clear evidence of the need to transform our relationship with nature, this report presents four main areas of action for the UN to fully use and recognize its potential during the 2021-2030 decade:------- 10 -------Support country abilities to halt biodiversity loss and to sustainably use and enhance biodiversity through policies and programmesThe UN can play a key role in the implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and the SDGs, with a focus on improving enabling conditions, access to relevant data and means of implementation at national level. These recommendations specifically target Resident Coordinators, UN Country Teams and country-level programmes, but also the UN’s Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework9 itself, to mainstream biodiversity for sustainable development and integrate biodiversity with other key areas, including human rights, strengthening of governance and the rule of law.Establish strong coalitions for biodiversityBy building on their complementarities, UN entities have demonstrated that they can deliver significant benefits through collaboration. Existing UN coalitions and coordination mechanisms for biodiversity need to be strengthened, and there remain opportunities to develop new collaboration within and across UN entities and with external partners, to integrate biodiversity in other key agendas and avoid negative impacts on biodiversity at global, regional, national and local levels.Mainstream biodiversity in UN internal programmes and operationsThere is a need for UN agencies to manifest greater biodiversity awareness and create capacity for action for biodiversity conservation and enhancement within the UN system. In line with the UN Sustainability Strategy 2020-2030 and the “Greening the Blue” objective, UN entities should strive to address the drivers of biodiversity loss and embed biodiversity safeguards in procurement, project/programme planning and implementation in order to “avoid adverse impacts on biodiversity from UN facilities, operations and activities”10.As already undertaken by some, a key step is for each agency to assess the contributions to and impacts of biodiversity on their own mandates, and to identify, implement and scale up best practices for the sustainable use, development, conservation and restoration of biodiversity, as part of their programmes and operations. This would pave the way for the development of a UN system-wide exchange of information on and consideration of «best practices» for mainstreaming biodiversity in the UN’s programmes and operations.Enhance UN-wide coherence and followup on biodiversityA tendency for the world to work in silos challenges the capacity of the UN system to address complex and interconnected issues, such as is the case with biodiversity loss and climate change. A clear example where bridges could be built is the three parallel decades that the UN is celebrating in the period 2021-2030 (the Decade of Ecosystem Restoration11, the Decade of Action to deliver the SDGs12 and the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development13), as well as in the implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.To be effective and efficient in delivering a nature-positive UN, the UN family will need to ensure a coherent approach, including in securing high-level political support across sectors to address biodiversity loss and reinforce the sustainable use of biodiversity. There is also an opportunity for the UN to realign its different activities and programmatic streams to develop a common UN narrative on biodiversity and sustainable development, with improved communications on and advocacy for biodiversity for sustainable development.9 https://unsdg.un.org/resources/united-nations-sustainable-development-cooperation-framework-guidance10 https://unemg.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/INF_3_Strategy-for-Sustainability-Management-in-the-UN-System.pdf11 https://www.decadeonrestoration.org 12 https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-ac-tion/ 13 https://www.oceandecade.org------- 11 -------IntroductionBiodiversity underlies each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), from eliminating hunger and reducing inequalities to underpinning sustainable communities and livehoods around the world. With ten years remaining to achieve the SDGs, the available evidence shows a lack of tangible progress and ongoing high rates of biodiversity loss, thus further underlining an urgent need for truly systemic change to «flatten the curve» of biodiversity loss and achieve sustainability.According to the IPBES 2019 Global Assessment Report, nature can be conserved, restored and used sustainably while other global societal goals are simultaneously met through urgent and concerted efforts fostering transformative change. The IPBES Assessment Report makes it clear that business as usual or incremental improvements in biodiversity governance will not be sufficient and thattransformative change14 is needed (IPBES, 2019). This also echoes similar calls from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), whose special report «Global Warming of 1.5°C» concluded that systemic changes would be required to meet the 1.5°C goal, and from the European Environment Agency’s (EEA) Sustainability transitions: policy and practice15, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s (CBD) fifth Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO-5), UNEP’s Global Environment Outlook (GEO)-6 and FAO’s report on The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (FAO, 2019).Contracting Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are in the process of preparing a post2020 global biodiversity framework that is expected to be adopted at the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the CBD and considered by the General Assembly in 2021. At the first meeting of the Open-ended Working Group (WG2020) on the Post2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, Parties to the CBD invited the EMG16 to facilitate the contribution of the United Nations system to the development and implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversty framework17. Following that, the 25th EMG Senior Officials Meeting in September 2019 established an inter-agency consultative process composed of 51 agencies to facilitate such a contribution from the United Nations system.14 Transformations towards sustainability are more likely when efforts are directed at the following key leverage points, where efforts yield exceptionally large effects: (1) visions of a good life; (2) total consumption and waste; (3) values and action; (4) inequalities; (5) justice and inclusion in conservation; (6) externalities and telecouplings; (7) technology, innovation and investment; and (8) education and knowledge generation and sharing (IPBES, 2019).15 EEA, 2019. Sustainability transitions: policy and practice. European Environment Agency Report No 09/2019 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. ISSN 1977-8449 doi:10.2800/641030.16 CBD/WG2020/REC/1/1 paragraph 9.17 This report is the second UN System Wide Framework of Strategies on the Environment (SWFS). In November 2016, the EMG launched a survey to gather information on EMG Member Agencies’ support and contributions to the implementation of the environmental dimensions of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In 2017 the first SWFS Synthesis Report titled ‘UN System-wide Collaboration on the Environment: Synthesis Report on UN System-wide Contributions to the Implementation of the Environmental Dimension in the Sustainable Development Goals’ was released. It was an important inter-agency milestone as it gauged the strategic alignment of 51 UN Member Agencies to Agenda 2030 and the UN SDGs.------- 12 -------Building on that and in addition to other individual contributions of UN agencies, the consultative process prepared two contributions and submitted them to the CBD’s WG2020 on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework18. In parallel with that, the consultative process embarked on the preparation of the current report describing the UN system’s approach both to engage in and support Member States in the implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, including a UN system highlevel commitment to engage in its implementation. This report draws on responses from all 51 EMG members to a survey, providing information on the relevance of biodiversity to their existing mandates, as well as to their current activities and programmes.The results of this survey were complemented by online research by the EMG Secretariat with the support of a small drafting team of the Consultative Process19 to prepare this report. It addresses key roles that the members of the EMG could play to support UN Member States, as well as how their activities can help to address the direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss within their mandates and in alignment with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Alongside the EMG consultative process, the Secretary-General’s Executive Committee (EC) on 25 March 2020 called for the UN system to mainstream biodiversity work in key areas, engage in crossagency collaboration, and enhance UN communications and advocacy. The Secretary-General requested full engagement across the UN system at global and regional levels in the process established under the EMG to facilitate UN contributions to the development of the post-2020 global biodiversityframework. He emphasized bringing together the climate and nature narratives and promoting them as one common planetary crisis that is directly linked to the global community’s ability to achieve the SDGs, as well as the critical role of the UN during the Decade of Action.Subsequently, the Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) at their meeting on 14 May 2020 agreed to a stronger focus on nature across the UN system. The meeting tasked the High-Level Committee on Programmes (HLCP) to develop, for the CEB’s adoption, a common approach to integrating biodiversity and nature-based solutions for sustainable development into the UN’s policy and programme planning and delivery (CEB/2020/1). UNEP will lead the implementation of the CEB decision on nature. The EMG consultative process and this report will provide an essential input to the development of the common approach.This report highlights the relevance of biodiversity to the work of UN entities and how an increasingly coherent approach will yield multiple benefits across the SDGs, human development, health and food security and human rights, as well as to global efforts to achieve poverty eradication, gender equality, climate resilience, chemicals management, sustainable economies and trans-generational rights, to name but a few issues. As a new decade begins, urgent effort is required to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and all actors will need to work together in a coordinated manner. The UN system will be in the forefront of this effort as it steps up its actions, multiplies its relevant activities and adopts transformative change from within.18 EMG Overview of UN-system inputs to the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Update on the UN EMG Consultative Process on Biodiversity at the time of the 2nd OEWG on the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.19 Secretariats of CBD, ECLAC, IFAD, IDDRI, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP-WCMC and UNIDO.------- 13 -------The Role of Biodiversity in Sustainable DevelopmentHuman dependencies on biodiversity“Biodiversity is the natural life system upon which human societies depend to flourish, so preserving it is essential for our own survival” (IPBES, 2019).Biodiversity is fundamental to our existence, our economies, the quality of life for all people and the effective enjoyment of human rights. It provides food and feed, energy, medicines, genetic resources, timber and a variety of other essential materials. It also provides economic and social benefits worth billions of dollars to the global economy20, including in agriculture, forests, fisheries and tourism, and regulates our weather, soil productivity, water supplies and climate system. It processes wastes, certain pollutants and cycles critical nutrients. For example, marine and terrestrial ecosystems serve as the sole sink for anthropogenic carbon emissions; that is, the gross carbon sequestration equivalent to 60 per cent of global anthropogenic carbon emissions (IPBES, 2019). Nearly half of the world’s population is directly dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods. Nature is also a central component of many belief systems, worldviews and identities, as well as a source of inspiration to humanity21.In 2010, some 2.6 billion people drew their livelihoods either fully or partially from agriculture, 1.6 billion from forests and 250 million from fisheries22. All of these sectors and the welfare of people working in them depend on the sound and sustainable management of natural resources. However, as human exploitation of natural systems and their resulting degradation relentlessly advance in many parts of the globe, the economic benefits extracted have come with ever-increasing costs. The loss of biodiversity and degradation of ecosystems pose a growing danger to human livelihoods, particularly those of the poor, due to diminishing economic productivity, threats to food security and nutrition, and reduced capacities of countries to deal with the effects of climate change, along with unpredictable medium-term economic instability linked to other risks including pandemics such as COVID-19.20 OECD, 2019. Biodiversity: Finance and the Economic and Business Case for Action, report prepared for the G7 Environment Ministers’ Meeting, 5-6 May 2019.21 CBD Strategic Plan 2011-2020 & the Aichi Targets at https:// www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichi-Targets-EN.pdf22 https://www.cbd.int/development/doc/biodiversity-2030-agenda-policy-brief-en.pdf------- 14 -------Box 1. COVID-19: A call for a new relationship with biodiversityThe COVID-19 pandemic has abruptly brought much of the world to a halt, with profound impacts on every aspect of life. Seven human-mediated factors are most likely driving the emergence of such zoonotic diseases: 1) increasing human demand for animal protein; 2) unsustainable agricultural intensification; 3) increased use and exploitation of wildlife; 4) unsustainable utilization of natural resources accelerated by urbanization, land use change and extractive industries; 5) increased travel and transportation; 6) changes in food supply; and 7) climate change23. These same factors also impact on societal responses to zoonotic diseases, as biodiversity is an essential source for biomedical research into treatments for current and future diseases.Sixty per cent of all known diseases and 75 per cent of new infectious diseases are zoonotic. As human activities take place in previously undisturbed biodiversity-rich areas, there is an increasing risk of wildlife – livestock – human contact and thus of the emergence of novel zoonoses24. This risk increases significantly as a result of illegal trade in wildlife, which has led to many calls for ensuring that all trade in wildlife is legal, sustainable and traceable. A strengthening of the environmental dimensions of a “One Health” approach25 will be essential if we are to reduce the risk of future zoonotic pandemics.“Strong and global stewardship of nature and biodiversity; and a clear commitment to ‘building back better’, creating green jobs and facilitating the transition to a carbon-neutral future, are key elements for building resilient societies after the COVID-19 pandemic.” Inger Andersen, Executive Director of UNEPWe can decouple our economies from environmental degradation, but we cannot decouple our well-being from healthy ecosystems. The use of natural resources has more than tripled since 1970, resulting in increasingly negative impacts on the environment and human health, particularly for vulnerable groups. Ninety per cent of biodiversity loss and water stress are caused by resource extraction and processing. These same activities contribute to about half of global greenhouse gas emissions (Global Resources Outlook, 2019).Business as usual is no longer a rational option. A successful recovery from the current global pandemic will be one that brings a new era of social and economic prosperity for all, ensuring the right to a healthy environment for current and future generations and staying within the planetary boundaries. A new relationship with biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources will be key to this success. Existing biodiversity-friendly, low-carbon, green and blue growth initiatives and integrated inclusive green economy approaches can catalyse decent, green jobs and enterprises during the recovery, while ensuring that growth stays within planetary boundaries and that we take more sustainable paths to development in the future.26On the occasion of the World Day on Desertification and Drought, 17 June 2020, the SecretaryGeneral called for “a new contract for nature…through international action and solidarity, we can scale up land restoration and nature-based solutions for climate action and the benefit of future generations”.Shaping this new relationship with the natural world will require leadership, informed by reliable and accessible data. The UN can help to ensure that economic and social recovery efforts will embed measures to accelerate biodiversity and climate actions.23 https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/preventing-future-zoonotic-disease-outbreaks-protecting-environment-animals-and24 https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32316/ZP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 25 https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/preventing-future-zoonotic-disease-outbreaks-protecting-environ-ment-animals-and 26 https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/doi/10.1093/oxrep/graa015/5832003------- 15 -------Our fundamental dependencies on biodiversity have been recognized not only in numerous assessments, but also increasingly by business voices. Biodiversity loss is one of the top five risks perceived by CEOs and business stakeholders (WEF, 2020)27. Over half of the world’s GDP is moderately to highly dependent on biodiversity (ibid), such as throughpollination, soil health, water quality and provision of natural resources, with construction (US$ 4 trillion), agriculture (US$ 2.5 trillion) and food & beverages (US$ 1.4 trillion) being the three largest economic sectors most dependent (WEF/PwC, 2020; see Figure 1 below). Biodiversity is the foundation of business supply chains, as well as for sustainable development.DirectSupply chainForestry Agriculture Fishery and aquaculture Food, beverages and tobacco Heat utilities ConstructionElectricity Water utilities Supply chain and transport Chemical and materials industry Aviation, travel and tourismReal estate Mining and metals Retail, consumer goods and lifestyleOil and gas Automotive Healthcare delivery Electronics Information technology Insurance and asset management Banking and capital markets Digital communications0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%High MediumLow% of industry GVA% of supply chain GVAFigure 1 - Percentage of direct and supply chain Gross Value Added with high,medium and low nature dependency, by industry (Source: WEF/PwC, 2020).Biodiversity is in serious decline worldwide, with resulting falls in what nature contributes to people (see Figure 2). The IPBES 2019 Global Assessment reported that three-quarters of the land surface and two-thirds of the ocean area have been significantly altered by human actions, and land degradation has reduced the productivity of almost one-quarter of the global land surface. In addition, over the last 50 years, there has been a 82 per cent decline in the global biomass of wild animals,an over 85 per cent reduction in total wetlands area; and while more than 75 per cent of food crop types rely on animal pollination, populations of pollinators are in decline around the world, putting at risk between US$ 235-577 billion28 of global crop output annually. In addition, since 1870, approximately half of the live coral cover on coral reefs has been lost, and approximately one-third of fish stocks are now being harvested at biologically unsustainable levels (FAO, 2020).27 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_New_Nature_Economy_ 28 Report_2020.pdfCalculated in 2015 production values.------- 16 -------Nature’s contributions to people1. Habitat creation & maintenance50 DecreaseDIRECTIONAL TRENDyear global trendNo changeIncrease2. Pollination & dispersal of seeds3. Regulation of air quality4. Regulation of climate5. Regulation of ocean acidi cation6. Regulation of freshwater quantity7. Regulation of freshwater quality8. Regulation of soils9. Regulation of hazards & extreme events10. Regulation of organisms11. Energy12. Food & feed13. Materials & assistance14. Medicinal, biochemical & genetic resources15. Learning & inspiration16. Physical & psychological experiences17. Supporting identities18. Maintenance of optionsAcross regions Consistent Consistent Variable Variable Variable Variable Consistent Variable Variable Consistent Variable Variable Variable Consistent Consistent Consistent Consistent ConsistentFigure 2 - Global 50-year trends in the capacity of nature to sustain contributionsto a good quality of life, showing a decline for 14 of the 18 categories of nature’scontributions to people (Source: IPBES, 2019).There are five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss and degradation: changes in the use of land and sea; over-exploitation of biodiversity; climate change; pollution; and invasive alien species (see Figure 3 below). These five drivers of loss have all either grown steadily or accelerated in recent decades, driving change in an interlinked and cumulative way. The fivedirect drivers result from indirect, underlying causes that are defined or underpinned by societal values and behaviours such as unsustainable production and consumption patterns, human population dynamics, global trade and the use of technology (IPBES, 2019).------- 17 -------Values and behavioursDRIVERSINDIRECT DRIVERSDemographic andsocioculturalEconomic andtechnologicalInstitutions andgovernanceCon icts andepidemicsDIRECT DRIVERSTerrestrialFreshwaterMarine 0 20 40 60 80 100%Land/sea use change Direct exploitation Climate change Pollution Invasive alien species OthersEXAMPLES OF DECLINES IN NATUREECOSYSTEM EXTENT AND CONDITION 47% Natural ecosystems have declined by47 per cent on average, relative to their earliest estimated states.SPECIES EXTINCTION RISK25%Approximately 25 per cent of species are already threatened with extinction inmost animal and plant groups studied.ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES23% Biotic integrity—the abundance of naturallypresent species—has declined by 23 per cent on average in terrestrial communities.*BIOMASS AND SPECIES ABUNDANCEThe global biomass of wild mammals has 82% fallen by 82 per cent .* Indicators ofvertebrate abundance have declined rapidly since 1970NATURE FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES 72% 72 per cent of indicators developed by indigenous peoples and local communities show ongoing deterioration of elements of nature important to them* Since prehistoryFigure 3 - Examples of global declines in nature, emphasizing declines inbiodiversity, that have been and are being caused by direct and indirect drivers ofchange (Source: IPBES, 2019).Although land use change and overexploitation are currently the most important drivers of biodiversity loss on land and in the ocean respectively (ibid), climate change is a growing threat, with human-induced greenhouse gas emissions continuing to rise, intensifying extreme weather events and the loss of biodiversity, and thereby putting efforts to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement further off course. The adverse impacts of climate change on biodiversity will become even more pronounced in the coming decades, hampering theachievement of sustainable development, with variable relative effects depending on emission scenarios and geographic regions. Such impacts will worsen, in some cases exponentially (WEF, 2020). Even if the Paris Agreement targets are reached, keeping global temperature rise between 1.5°C to 2°C, the geographic distribution of most terrestrial biodiversity is projected to shrink dramatically. The dual Nature-Climate crisis both increases and compounds the risks faced by individuals, groups and people in vulnerable situations.------- 18 -------Box 2. Increasing synergies between action on climate change and biodiversityThe dual climate change and biodiversity crises require an ambitious and coordinated response. Addressing them separately risks compromising the world’s ability to successfully halt climate change, while preserving ecosystems and meeting other Sustainable Development Goals. There are at least four major ways in which climate change and biodiversity issues are linked:1. Climate change is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. Its impacts on ecosystems are recognized in the 1992 text of the UNFCCC29 (see e.g. Article 1), and have been documented in the scientific literature and highlighted over several IPCC assessments, including in the IPCC’s «Global Warming of 1.5°C» Special Report (IPCC, 2019). The IPBES 2019 Global Assessment Report outlines how the role of climate change as a driver for biodiversity loss is set to increase over the coming years. Both reports underline the significant benefit to biodiversity of keeping temperature rise to 1.5°C rather than 2°C.2. Ecosystems, both terrestrial and marine, play a major function in regulating climate, as well as enhancing adaptation and resilience to climate change. Their role as carbon sinks is recognized in the UNFCCC text (ibid; see the Preamble). This has been given stronger emphasis by the Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC and its “GHG neutrality” goal (article 4.1), which requires a greater reliance on carbon sinks, therefore placing ecosystems at the centre of ambitious climate action. In addition to this, nature-based solutions are central to adaptation strategies to climate change.3. Several “solutions” envisioned for climate change can be potentially damaging to biodiversity, in particular solutions relying on carbon-dioxide removal technology using widespread Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage schemes, especially if these are deployed at a large scale (e.g. up to an area of land the size of India, as projected to 2050 in some of the 1.5°C emission reduction pathways in the IPCC’s «Global Warming of 1.5°C» Special Report). Some researchers project that half of ideal bioenergy growing areas are situated in biodiversity hot spots (Santangeli et al., 2016). Nature-based solutions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems can provide over onethird of the cost-effective climate mitigation needed between now and 2030 to limit warming to less than 2 °C30.4. Climate change and biodiversity loss share several root causes that are linked to unsustainable modes of production and consumption (e.g. in agri-food systems or energy production; IPBES, 2019). This is also reflected, for instance, in the subsidies identified by the OECD that are harmful to biodiversity, with a massive share concerning subsidies to fossil fuels (OECD, 2019). Moreover, climate change and biodiversity loss interact to create and compound harms to people’s lives, livelihoods, well-being and rights.29 https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf 30 https://www.unenvironment.org/nature-based-solutions-climate------- 19 -------The interlinkages between Biodiversity and the 2030 AgendaThe adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development31 was a landmark achievement, articulating a global vision of unprecedented scale and ambition for rights-based sustainable development. Its 17 SDGsand 169 targets are integrated and indivisible, and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental (see Figures 4 and 5 below).Figure 4 - The graphic above refers toeach of the SDG indicators, and shows their relationship (indivisible, dependent, co-beneficial, or independent) with biodiversity. Biodiversity not only underpins the SDGs as a whole, but also directly relates to more than half of the SDG targets and their indicators (UNDP, 2020).INDEPENDENT CO-BENEFICIALDEPENDENT INDEIPNEDNIDVEINSTIBLECO-BENEFICIAL DEPENDENT INDIVISIBLEToday, with a decade left to achieve the SDGs, the 2020 • air pollution is highest in least developed countriesSDGs Report32 paints a daunting picture, one worsened(IPBES, 2019) and globally has caused 4.2 millionby the COVID-19 pandemic. The scale of the challengepremature deaths in 2016;is clear:• investment in fossil fuels continues to be higher than• the world is not on track to end poverty by 2030, withinvestment in climate mitigation;the coronavirus causing the first increase in globalpoverty in decades;• ocean acidification continues to threaten marine en-vironments and ecosystem services;• 690 million people in the world are hungry - almost9% of the entire population of the planet, while 3 bil- • around 1 million species are threatened with extinc-lion people cannot afford a healthy diet (FAO et al.,tion and two billion hectares of land are degraded,2020).affecting some 3.2 billion people;• over two billion people worldwide still lack safely • human rights defenders, environmental activists,managed drinking water, and twice as many lackindigenous peoples, journalists and trade unionistssafely managed sanitation services, while three bil-continue to be the target of physical violence, evenlion people lack basic handwashing facilities at homemurderous attacks. From 2015 to 2019, the United(according to 2017 data);Nations recorded at least 1,940 killings and 106 en-forced disappearances across 81 countries; and31 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld32 https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf• the magnitude of the coronavirus health crisis may exert downward pressure on official development assistance (ODA) budgets in the coming period.------- 20 -------ECONOMY SOCIETYBIOSPHEREFigure 5 – The relationship between the environmental, social and economic dimen-sions of the SDGs (Source: Azote Images for Stockholm Resilience Centre, StockholmUniversity).All of this was the case even before the onset of the the SDGs, including but not exclusively in Goals 14current COVID-19 crisis.and 15.Most of the SDG targets related to biodiversity and environmental sustainability are not on track. Fourteen out of the 17 SDGs have biodiversity elements directly critical to the success of their achievement33. Biodiversity loss therefore poses a risk to the overall achievement of the 2030 Agenda.Biodiversity objectives, consistent with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, its Aichi Biodiversity Targets34 and their 2020 deadlines, are embedded in33 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), no date. Biodiversity and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development - Policy Brief. CBD, FAO, The World Bank, UN Environment and UNDP. Montréal, Canada, 8 pages. Available online at - https://www.cbd.int/development/doc/biodiversity-2030-agenda-technical-note-en.pdf34 The Convention on Biological Diversity’s tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, held 18-29 October 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, for the 2011-2020 period. See: www.cbd.int/sp and https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichi-Targets-EN.pdfAdditionally, a wider number of SDG targets also address drivers of biodiversity loss, as well as identify areas to ensure sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services. As the majority of the biodiversity-related SDG targets will not be met by 2020, the gap between trends in biodiversity and the progress needed to achieve the SDGs will widen. Current negative trends in the status of biodiversity and ecosystem services are undermining progress towards 80 per cent (i.e., 35 out of 44) of assessed SDG targets on poverty, hunger, health, water, cities, climate, oceans and land. Lack of achievement in these areas will also have a bearing on achieving SDG 16 on peace, justice and strong institutions. The interconnectedness of the SDGs is clear, and the lack of progress towards the Aichi and associated SDG targets reflects the growing pressure on biodiversity from our economies and models of production, and further reinforces the need for transformative change.------- 21 -------Roles and contributions of the UN system during the 2011-2020 Decade forBiodiversityThe 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CBD, held in Nagoya, Japan, in 2010, adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, comprising twenty Aichi Biodiversity Targets that set aspirations for achievement at the global level, and a flexible framework for national target setting and implementation. This Strategic Plan was subsequently broadly endorsed and supported throughout the UN system. The same year, the UN General Assembly declared 20112020 the UN Decade on Biodiversity35 as a contribution to the implementation of the Strategic Plan across the entire UN system. The biodiversity-related conventions have contributed to the preparation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and ensured that their own strategic plan targets were fully aligned or compatible with the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the SDGs.UN entities have responded in various ways to the biodiversity agenda in their planning and programming. Examples include: the work of FAO and IFAD in relation to biodiversity, food and agriculture systems36 and nutrition; UNCCD’s spatially explicit national targets on conservation, sustainable use and restoration of land resources under land degradation neutrality targets; the work of UNDP recognizing the role of biodiversity in underpinning development and poverty reduction; UNCTAD’s work on promoting trade with biodiversity-friendly sourced products and services through the BioTrade Initiative; the important cultural and religious benefits of biodiversity considered by UNESCO; the Statistics Division of UN DESA (UNSD’s) work on incorporating natural capital into systems of national accounts; the UN Special Rapporteur on human rights and the environment’s work on human rights and biodiversity37;35 UN General Assembly Resolution 65/161. 36 Under agriculture, FAO includes crop and livestock agricultu-re, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture. 37 https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/SREnvironment/Pages/Biodiversity.aspx; https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/SREnvironment/Pages/HealthyEcosystems.aspx------- 22 -------WHO’s work on the relationship between biodiversity and human health, including the joint report on this subject with the CBD (2015); WIPO’s programme on genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions38; WIPO Green39 and WIPO Alternative dispute resolution on biodiversity40; the alignment of the strategies of biodiversity-related conventions; and the establishment of major partnerships, some examples of which are provided below. Many other global and regional UN entities have relevant programmes and/or projects, including through the opportunities provided by the regional commissions and sustainable development fora.An analysis of UN agency activities over the last decade leads to the identification of six main functions that UN agencies can play to directly deliver and assist Member States in implementing the post-2020 global biodiversity framework:1. Biodiversity mainstreaming / integrating biodiversity in sectors: among other efforts, this is exemplified by FAO’s Strategy on Mainstreaming Biodiversity across Agricultural Sectors (2019)41, and the Action Plan to implement; WIPO’s Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC)’s text-based negotiations on disclosure requirements relating to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge; by UNDP’s and the World Bank’s activities to strengthen protected areas, combat the illegal trade in wildlife and mainstream biodiversity in agriculture, forestry, tourism and mining; and by the WHO-CBD Joint Programme on Biodiversity and Health.2. Monitoring / assessments / knowledge sharing: a key element of this function is the monitoring of SDG targets and indicators, with UN agencies acting as custodians, but this also includes global and thematic assessments, such as those by FAO and IPBES, and the Global Outlooks (on the Environment by UNEP, on Biodiversity by CBD, onLand by UNCCD, on forests and fisheries by FAO and on Wetlands by Ramsar Convention). This function includes data collection and compilation as, for example, in UNEP’s «World Environment Situation Room»42 and the development of agreed statistical frame-works for measuring the interrelationships between ecosystems, the economy and human well-being, such as the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)43.3. Capacity building and strengthening / technical guidance activities range from programmatic and project-level capacity building initiatives, to national or regional technical training, as well as the publication of case studies, normative and technical guidance (e.g. by the Climate Technology Centre & Network), and development of tools and methodologies and support to their use. Examples include the work on the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) and SEEA, WIPO’s guidance in deployment of green technology and work to include intellectual property issues in access and benefit-sharing agreements for genetic resources, and the facilitation of communities of practice such as the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Network (BES-Net) and the NBSAP Forum. Going forward, these would be delivered in line with the CBD long-term strategic framework on capacity development that will accompany the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.4. Collaboration / coalitions (partnerships among UN entities or strongly UN-led): UN agencies leverage their influence by working with governments, civil society organizations, research and science organizations and the private sector. Developing such multi-stakeholder alliances offers the possibility to benefit from complementarities in community-based and other projects, as well as in global initiatives such as the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) Forum and the UNEP-IUCN Global Fund for Ecosystem-based Adaptation, or joint implementation of the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and other donor projects.38 https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/ 39 https://www3.wipo.int/wipogreen/en/ 40 https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/center/specific-sectors/biodiver-sity/ 41 http://www.fao.org/3/ca7722en/ca7722en.pdf42 https://wesr.unep.org43 The System of Environmental Economic Account - Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA) in conjunction with the SEEA Central Framework provides an integrated information system to mainstream biodiversity in national accounting and decision-making (see seea.un.org).------- 23 -------5. Communication / awareness-raising / education: public education and awareness of biodiversity loss and its impacts is raised through the organization of public events, such as UN Days or Years, and their associated media campaigns; and the preparation of communications material, which can be used in particular for Education for Sustainable Development in the field (e.g. by UNHCR in a refugee camp), through Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs, as prepared by UNEP, UNDRR, UNITAR, UNSD, WHO and others), and in conventional training programmes (e.g. by UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNU, WIPO and the Ramsar Convention).6. Mainstreaming biodiversity within and across UN programmes and operations: UN agencies can and should demonstrate that they have adequately taken biodiversity into consideration in their facilities, operations, procurement, programmes and projects, to lead by example in preventing harm to biodiversity across their work, and in delivering a «nature-positive» UN. The Model Approach to Environmental and Social Standards for UN Programming44 includes a benchmark standard on biodiversity and suggests a common approach for UN entities to address environmental and social standards in programming. Phase 1 of the Strategy for Sustainability Management in the UN System 2020-203045 includes the goal to avoid adverse impacts on biodiversity from United Nations facilities, operations and activities. Indicators for individual entities have also been proposed as part of this Strategy, to be further developed in Phase 2 of the Strategy.EMG members were surveyed through a questionnaire on the relevance of their individual mandates and activities to biodiversity, with responses then grouped according to functions that help to address direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss46. The results of this survey are available on the EMG website at - https:// unemg.org/overview_emgmembers_biodiversity-mandates_activities_web/, with a summary of the results below in Table 1. This matrix maps the six main functions that are identified above in relation to drivers of biodiversity loss. It shows the UN entities having such a mandate and/or current activities in each cell of the matrix. The green-shaded cells of the matrix are direct drivers of biodiversity loss, and the blue-shaded cells are indirect drivers of biodiversity loss.The matrix points to the reported concentration of efforts of UN entities in certain function/driver realms (that is, matrix cells), which could provide opportunities for better and enhanced communication, data management and/or coordination amongst agencies. It also reveals certain gaps where the totality of UN agency activities remains relatively limited, thus offering opportunities for an increase of attention. Further analysis of this information also provides some clues that could lead to new partnerships for biodiversity.For example, there is a high clustering of efforts by UN entities in each of the following realms:- «Monitoring/Assessment/Knowledge sharing» in relation to three drivers: climate change, natural resource use & exploitation, and demographic & socio-economic issues;Some UN Agencies have already adopted bench- - «Capacity Building and Technical Guidance» inmaks to mainstream biodiversity conservation andrelation to all drivers except for invasive alien spe-sustainable management of living natural resources,cies and conflicts & epidemics;such as the World Bank’s Environmental and Social - «Collaboration/Coalitions» in relation to the driv-Framework and IFC’s Environmental and Socialers: natural resources use & exploitation, and de-Performance Standards. Performance Standardmographic & socioeconomic issues; and finally,6 relating to biodiversity has also become a globalbenchmark for the private sector and has been wide- - «Communications/Awareness-raising» in relationly adopted by financial institutions, governments andto all drivers except invasive alien species andcorporations on a voluntary basis.conflict & epidemics.44 See https://unemg.org/modelapproach/45 See https://unemg.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/INF_3_ Strategy-for-Sustainability-Management-in-the-UN-System.pdf46 Direct drivers are: Land and sea use change; Over-exploitation; Climate change; Pollution; Invasive alien species. Indirect drivers are: demographic & socio-cultural; economic & technological innovation; institutions & governance; conflicts & epidemics (IPBES, 2019).------- 24 -------Table 1. Summary of UN Agency Activities and Mandates in Biodiversity47FUNCTION DRIVER(direct or indirect)Biodiversity mainstreamingMonitoring / Assessment / Knowledge sharingCapacity building andCollaboration /strengthening + Technical CoalitionsguidanceCommunications Mainstreaming/ Awareness- in Internalraisingoperations/ EducationLand and sea use changeCBD, CMS, ECE, FAO, UNDP, UNEP, WBGCBD, CMS, ECE, FAO, UNCCD, UNDESA, UNDP, UNEP, WBGCBD, CMS, ECE, FAO, IFAD, CBD, CMS, ECE,Ramsar Convention, UNCCD, FAO, UNCCD,UNDESA, UNFF, UNDP,UNDESA, UNDP,UNEP, WBGUNEP, WBGCBD, FAO, ICAO, IFAD, UNCCD, UNDESA, UNFF, UNDP, UNEP, WBGWBGClimate changeCBD, ITC, Ramsar CBD, IOM, RamsarConvention,Convention, UNC-UNDP, UNEP,TAD, UNDESA,WBGUNDP, UNEP,Ozone48, UPU,WMO, WBGCBD, ECA, ECE, ECLAC,CBD, FAO, UN-ESCAP, ESCWA, FAO, IAEA, DESA, UNDRR,ICAO, IFAD, IMF, IMO, ITC, UNDP, UNEP,UNDESA, UNDRR, UNDP,Ozone, WBGUNEP, Ozone, UN-Habitat,UNITAR, UN-Women, WIPO,WMO, UNWTO, UNODC, WBGCBD, ICAO, IFAD, IMO, IOM, ITC, UNDRR, UNCCD, UNDESA, UNDP, UNEP, Ozone, UN-Women, UPU, UNWTO, WBGUNOPS, UPU, WBGPollutionBRS, CBD, UNDP, CBD, UNDESA,UNEP, UNIDO, UNEP, Ozone,WBGUPU, WMO, WBGBRS, CBD, FAO, UNDOS, ECA, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, ESCWA, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF, IMO, ITU, UNDESA, UNDP, UNEP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, WBGBRS, CBD, ITU, UNDESA, UNDP, UNEP, WBGBRS, CBD, ICAO, IFAD, IMO, Ramsar Convention, UNDESA, UNDP, UNEP, Ozone, UPU, WHO, WBGUNDOS, UNHCR, UPU, WBGNatural resource use and exploitationCBD, FAO, ITC, Ramsar Convention, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, WBGCBD, UNDOS, ECA, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, ESCWA, FAO, Ramsar Convention, UNCCD, UNCTAD, UNDESA, UNEP, UNESCO, UNOOSA, WBGCBD, CITES, CMS, UNDOS, CBD, FAO, IFAD, ECA, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, UNCCD, UNCESCWA, FAO, IAEA, IFAD, TAD, UNDESA, IMF, ITC, Ramsar Convention, UNDP, UNEP, UNCCD, UNCTAD, UNDESA, UNESCO, WTO, UNFF, UNDP, UNEP, UNES- UNODC, WBG CO, UN-Habitat, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNOOSA, UN-Women, WFP, WIPO, WTO, UNWTO, UNODC, WBGCBD, CITES, CMS, UNDOS,FAO, IFAD, ITC,UNHCR, UNOPS,Ramsar Convention, WBGUNCCD, UNDESA,UNCTAD, UNFF,UNDP, UNEP,UNESCO, UN-Wo-men, WTO, UNWTO,UNODC, WBGCBDInvasive alien speciesCBD, UNDOS, UNEPCBD, FAO, IMO, IPPC, Ramsar Convention, UNEP, WTOCBD, CITES, FAO, CBD, CITES, FAO,ICAO, IMO, UNICAO, IMO, Ramsarmembers49 of the Convention, UNEPInter-agency LiaisonGroup on InvasiveAlien SpeciesWBGDemographic and socio culturalCBD, FAO, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, WHO, UNDESA, WBGECA, ECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, ESCWA, IOM, OHCHR, UNEP, UNESCO, UNFPA, WHO, WBGFAO, IFAD, UNDRR, OCHA, CBD, CITES, FAO, CBD, CITES, FAO,OHCHR, UNDP, UNEP,UNDRR, OCHA, IFAD, IOM, UNDRR,UNESCO, UNFPA, UN-Habi- UNDP, UNEP,OHCHR, Ramsartat, UN-Women, WHO, WIPO, UNESCO, WHO, Convention, UNC-WBGUNDESA, WBG CD, UNDP, UNEP,UNESCO, UNFPA,UN-Women, WHO,UNDESA, WBGOCHAEconomic and technologicalCBD, ECE, FAO, ILO, ITC, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDOUNDESA, UNEP, UNOOSA, WMOCBD, CITES (trade), FAO, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, UNCTAD, UNDESA, UNDP, UNEP, Ozone, UNOOSA, WIPO, WMO, WTO, UNWTOCITES, ILO, IMO, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, Ozone, WTOCITES, FAO, IFAD, IMF, IMO, ITC, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, Ozone, WTO, UNWTOInstitutions and governanceCBD, ITC, Ramsar Convention, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNFF, UNEP, UNU, WBGOHCHR, Ramsar, UNCTAD, UNDESA, UNDP, UNEP, WBGCBD, CITES, CMS, ECA, ECE, CBD, RamsarCBD, CMS, IOM,ECLAC, ESCAP, ESCWA,Convention, UNC- ITC, OHCHR, UNC-IFAD, IOM, ITC, OHCHR, UNC- TAD, UNDP, WBG TAD, UNDP, UNEP,CD, UNCTAD, UNFF, UNDP,UNU, WBGUNEP, UNU, WIPO, WBGConflicts and WHO epidemicsRamsar Convention, WHOUNHCR, WHOOCHA, UNEP, UNHCR, WHOOCHA, UNEP, WHO47 This is based on activit4ie8s and functions as reported by agencies through the s4u9rvey, and is not comprehensive, while still providing anoverall image of priorities and gaps. 48 References to “Ozone” in this table refer to the Ozone Treaties, i.e. the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and itsMontreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. 49 CBD, CITES, FAO, the FAO International Plant Pro-t-e-c--ti-o-n2C5o-n-v-e-n--ti-on (IPPC), ICAO, IMO and the World Trade Organization (WTO).The strongest clustering of activities/mandates comes under the function «Capacity Building and Technical Guidance» against the direct driver «natural resources use and exploitation»: a total of 33 UN entities are working in this realm. Figure 6 below shows the function and driver pairs having the highest concentrations of current UN agency activities/mandates.These clusters of activity in addressing drivers of biodiversity loss indicate areas in which there may be a need for greater coordination among UN agencies and other bodies, as well as improved knowledge management and integration of agency efforts in addressing certain drivers of biodiversity loss. Positive results could be achieved, for example, through joint programming, the establishment of an online «activities forum», or virtual discussion group(s). Such mechanisms could lead to, among other benefits, building complementarity between related activities, identifying existing mechanisms that can be used and built upon rather than establishing new ones fromscratch, avoidance of overlap between UN agency activities, the pooling of scarce resources and system-wide, unified messaging concerning how to better cope with or respond to particular drivers.Examined from a different perspective, Table 1 also reveals a number of existing gaps in addressing drivers of biodiversity loss, where few UN agencies surveyed have current activities or relevant mandates. For direct drivers of biodiversity loss, the most striking gaps lie in mainstreaming and in monitoring, assessment & knowledge-sharing both in relation to invasive alien species; and for all six functions in relation to mainstreaming in internal operations. For indirect drivers, there appear to be gaps in monitoring, assessment and knowledge-sharing in relation to economic and technological issues; in collaboration and coalitions in relation to institutions and governance issues; in internal operations in relation to demographic & socio-cultural, economic & technological and institutions & governance; and in all six functions in relation to conflicts and epidemics.Land-use change 35DRIVER - DirectDRIVER - IndirectClimate changeNaturalInvasivePollution resource use species& exploitationDemographic Economic & Institutions & Conflicts & & socio - technological governance epidemics cultural302520151050Biodiversity mainstreaming Monitoring / Assessment / Knowledge sharing Capacity building and strengthening + Technical guidanceCollaboration / Coalitions Communications / Awareness-raising / Education Mainstreamining in Internal operationsFigure 6 - Current UN agency biodiversity-related activities/mandates - main clusters* and gaps*** «clusters» are those above a level of 15 ** «gaps» are those occurring at 5 and below------- 26 -------While there appears to be room for progress regarding the «Mainstreaming of Biodiversity in Internal Operations», the recent decisions by the EC and CEB should provide impetus for most UN agencies to enhance their actions in this area.Figure 7 below also shows the function and driver pairs where existing gaps in current UN agency activities/mandates are the most pronounced.DRIVER - DirectLand-use changeClimate changePollutionNatural resource use & exploitationInvasive speciesCO21 Number ofUN Agencies14526163DRIVER - IndirectDemographic & socio culturalEconomic & technological26722219 43316 4Institutions & governanceConflicts & epidemics511318 Number ofUN Agencies17121251211720244523FUNCTIONBiodiversity mainstreaming Monitoring / Assessment / Knowledge sharing Capacity building and strengthening + Technical guidance Collaboration / Coalitions Communications / Awareness-raising / Education Mainstreamining in Internal operationsGapsFigure 7 - Major Gaps in current UN Activities and Mandates related to Biodiversity(as derived from Table 1) ------- 27 -------Looking forward: paving the way for a UN agenda for actionon biodiversitySeveral UN-wide initiatives can help build momentum and mobilize action in support of biodiversity. At the start of the 2021-2030 decade, several high-profile events focusing on biodiversity will be convened by and/or within the UN system50. These critical global leadership events could and should be complemented by activities of the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration, the UN Decade on Family Farming, the UN Decade of Action to deliver the Global Goals and the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development that collectively will outline the future and help build momentum for biodiversity-related actions within the UN system and those of its partners.The year 2020 precedes the decade in which the world must «flatten the curve» of biodiversity loss, adopt transformative change and put biodiversity and the economy on a path to recovery, which is the precise intention of the post-2020 gloal biodiversity framework being negotiated under the auspices of the CBD. To succeed in this agenda, the UN needs to build political momentum to catalyse a decade of action for people, planet and climate. The decade 2021-2030 is not only the last chance to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, but is likely to indicate the pathway for the well-being of humanity as well as planetary health during the rest of the 21st century.Engaging and empowering new and existing constituencies across sectors and society will be essential. Progress in building a new relationship with nature will require building on complementary capacities from across the UN system of global entities and50 These include the UN Ocean Conference in Portugal, the UN Summit on Biodiversity convened by the UN General Assembly, the UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP-15 and the meetings of the Parties to its Protocols) in China, the UN Climate Conference (UNFCCC COP-26) in Glasgow (Scotland, UK), the UN Food Systems Summit and the UNCTAD 15th Ministerial Conference in Barbados. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, most of these have recently been postponed beyond 2020.------- 28 -------regional commissions to unlock new resources and partnerships for biodiversity. Enhancing synergies among multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) will also provide integration and efficiency in implementing the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Finally, strengthening partnerships with civil society organizations and environmental defenders who are on the frontline protecting biodiversity will also be key to achieving biodiversity goals in an effective manner.To be successful, actions will be needed to address both the direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss, encourage sustainable use of biodiversity, and help to catalyse ecosystem restoration over the decade as a basis for progress towards the SDGs. Mainstreaming biodiversity across sectors and the wider implementation of nature-based solutions will be critical. The entire UN system has a central role to play in these efforts, knowing that biodiversity serves as a safety net for humanity by buffering us from the impacts of climate change, sustaining our health and well-being and maintaining economies. Therefore, harnessing the power of nature for sustainable development, as well as for its intrinsic values, is key to securing the future health, security and well-being for vulnerable people now ever-more imperilled by the COVID-19 crisis that threatens to throw millions back into poverty.Building on the analysis completed for this report, and from the evidence of the need to transform our relationship with biodiversity, the actions required for the UN to fully realize its potential during the 2021-2030 decade can be grouped under four areas:I. Support country abilities to halt biodiversity loss and to sustainably use and enhance biodiversity through policies and programmesAs relevant and in line with their mandates, UN agencies will support Member States in the implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and the biodiversity-related elements of the SDGs, with a focus on improving enabling conditions, data, investments and other means of implementation. This will require mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable development, in particular within the UN’s Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework51,51 https://unsdg.un.org/resources/united-nations-sustainable-development-cooperation-framework-guidanceas well as integrating biodiversity with other key areas of strategic planning (e.g. hunger and poverty reduction, food and agriculture, human health and well-being, climate action, sustainable forest management and zero deforestation, ocean ecosystems, infrastructure, trade, energy, finance, national accounting, governance, human rights including indigenous peoples’ rights, and justice) to realize multiple benefits as well as address potential trade-offs and avoid negative impacts on nature. Equally important is the need to mainstream national criminal justice and preventive responses into national biodiversity, climate change and sustainable development agendas in line with the SDGs.More specifically, UN agencies at global and regional scales, UN Resident Coordinators, UN Country Teams and activities supported through country, regional and global policies and programmes can:• Integrate biodiversity and climate responses into their core offer and mandate in ways that both address the drivers of the crises, including market and governance failures, and put emphasis on “nature-based solutions” for climate mitigation and adaptation52 and sustainable development, in coordination with the UN Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG)53.• Enhance data54, capacity and know-how for national planning55,56 implementation, monitoring57 and reporting processes, as well as harnessing science, technology and innovation for biodiversity. This involves not only helping countries to incorporate biodiversity considerations in their planning, but also to support countries to assess biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to monitor and share data to track progress towards national and global targets58.52 https://www.unglobalcompact.org/take-action/events/climate-action-summit-2019/nature-based-solutions53 https//unsdg.un.org 54 https://environmentlive.unep.org/sdgpolicybrief 55 https://sdgintegration.undp.org/ 56 https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25655/LawBiodiversity_Strategies.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 57 https://www.un-spbf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Digi-tal-Ecosystem-final.pdf 58 https://wesr.unep.org------- 29 -------• Use most updated evidence and analysis to track emerging issues of biodiversity concern59 and inform decision-makers of the risks, and provide guidance and assistance as required. This involves catalysing planning and monitoring systems that reduce the human footprint and promote maintaining a national nature-based safety net to reduce risk of emerging zoonotic diseases.• Support Member States in the development of human rights-based legal, institutional and policy frameworks that regulate and promote the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment and the protection of biodiversity. In particular, this means supporting efforts to strengthen governance and the environmental rule of law for the protection of biodiversity and human rights, including with respect to land, water and natural resource use and ownership, especially for women, indigenous peoples, local communities and environmental activists. Actions in this respect should be aligned with the Secretary-General’s Call to Action for Human Rights60 and its focus on the rights of future generations, climate justice and the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment61, and in compliance with actions taken under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights for All that may affect biodiversity.• Promote the inclusion of ambitious biodiversity and climate goals and targets into national policies; support country capacity and mobilize investments including access to bilateral and multilateral financing mechanisms for the purpose of implementing59 h t t p s : / / w w w . u n e n v i r o n m e n t . o r g / r e s o u r c e s / f r o n tiers-201819-emerging-issues-environmental-concern60 https://www.un.org/sg/sites/www.un.org.sg/files/atoms/files/ The_Highest_Asperation_A_Call_To_Action_For_Human_ Right_English.pdf61 A rights-based approach to biodiversity action should, inter alia, address biodiversity loss and its negative impacts on human rights; recognize the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities to their traditional knowledge, lands, resources and territories; ensure the participation of rights-holders, including indigenous peoples and local communities, women and girls and youth, in decision-making related to conservation, sustainable use and equitable distribution of the benefits of biodiversity; respect and protect the cultural, religious, spiritual, aesthetic and recreational values associated with biodiversity, including the human rights to culture and freedom of religion, and the right of children to play; protect environmental human rights defenders from harm; and ensure the righs to participation, access to information and access to justice.related activities and measures, and national efforts for the repurposing of available financial resources.• Incorporate use of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework as a priority in the UN’s Development Account62 programme and encourage UN interagency-led capacity development projects.• Support country capacity and access to bilateral and multilateral financing mechanisms for the purpose of implementing related activities and measures, and support national efforts for the repurposing of available financial resources.Taken together, these actions could have a significant impact in terms of improving the capacities of Member States to halt biodiversity loss and enhance ecosystems’ integrity.II. Establish strong coalitions for biodiversityBuilding on their existing complementarities and in line with UN reform, the new approach of UN Country teams and UN Sustainable Development Regional Coordination, including issue-based coalitions, UN entities can play a key role in ensuring comprehensive approaches to biodiversity. The work of UN entities and such issue-based coalitions can also serve to strengthen biodiversity-related actions in the current and ongoing work of the UN in support of countries, such as the NBSAP Forum, the UN Biodiversity Lab and UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative.Such coalitions can be powerful tools to integrate biodiversity in other key areas (such as climate, food and agriculture, health, investment63, infrastructure and extractive industries, trade64, energy, finance65, chemicals and green technologies )66 in ways that realize multiple benefits and avoid negative impacts on biodiversity at global, regional, national and local levels. Examples of the potential for such coalitions to be formed and strengthened are described in boxes 3 and 4.62 https://www.un.org/development/desa/da/ 63 https://www.unepfi.org/net-zero-alliance/ 64 https://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-and-Environment/BioTrade.aspx 65 https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org 66 h t t p : / / w e d o c s . u n e p . o r g / b i t s t r e a m / h a n -dle/20.500.11822/22205/Science-Policy-Business-Forum%20 Pogramme%202017.pdf?sequence=86&isAllowed=y------- 30 -------Box 3. Working with the chemical conventions and initiatives to address drivers ofbiodiversity loss: the case of pesticidesPesticides can have a significant impact on biodiversity. For example, pesticides, particularly insecticides, have been demonstrated to have a broad range of lethal and sublethal effects on pollinators under controlled experimental conditions (IPBES, 2016). The governance of pesticides falls within the governance of chemicals more broadly. The Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm and Minamata Conventions are central global instruments in the international governance of chemicals and wastes. In addition, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer controls the production and consumption of methyl bromide, a pesticide that is a powerful ozone-depleting substance. The international multi-stakeholder chemical initiative Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) also plays a critical role in chemicals’ governance by engaging governments, the chemical industry and other civil society actors, such as NGOs, with the potential to work on issues beyond those in the conventions’ own mandates reached by consensus in multilateral negotiations.The post-2020 global biodiversity framework will address pollution as a major driver of biodiversity loss, as well as the sustainable management of production landscapes and seascapes, as being essential to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. To strengthen the implementation of the new framework, a stronger synergy between the biodiversity and the chemicals conventions will be critical to achieve success. For pesticides, this mostly concerns the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions and SAICM. To accomplish this, several pathways and initiatives can be envisaged, for example:1. At the level of the conventions, joint action plans could be developed, with dedicated processes and accountability to their respective COPs. This approach could be explored through the work of Parties in the relevant bodies of the respective conventions and by their secretariats within the mandates provided to them.2. At the national level, the focal points and authorities responsible for the CBD, other biodiversity-related conventions, the chemicals conventions and other relevant conventions and organizations including the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA), could collaborate more closely to bring attention to the importance of adding pesticides to the chemicals conventions’ annexes and to coordinate work on finding safer alternatives, particularly for highly hazardous pesticides. In this regard, they can also work on coordinating their respective national policy instruments (such as agricultural subsidies) to reflect these synergies, and coordinate national planning, reporting and review mechanisms to increase efficiencies and improve coherence.3. The multi-stakeholder platforms associated with the chemicals and biodiversity agendas provide an opportunity to enhance synergies, since actors of civil society also tend to work separately on these issues. Having biodiversity actors more actively engage with SAICM discussions, and chemicals actors engage in the CBD agenda and its discussions, could help in sharing of experiences and in building similar expectations for change (Kinniburgh and Rankovic, 2019).------- 31 -------Box 4. Using global and national policy instruments to increase synergies: Biodiversityand Climate ChangeDespite the interrelationships of the issues they address, national policy instruments such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Land Degradation Neutrality targets (LDNs) and NBSAPs) are still mostly developed in isolation from one another. To support the integration of ambitious climate change and biodiversity action in national policies, increased and coordinated action is needed internationally in science (for example between the respective scientific communities, IPCC and IPBES), international governance bodies (for example between the COPs to UNFCCC, CBD, UNCCD and Vienna Convention) and in civil society networks. Liaison mechanisms between convention secretariats play an important role that could be reinforced. These can be complemented by ongoing and future developments. IPBES is collaborating with IPCC on a co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change, and developing plans for a technical paper on the same subjects, as well as strengthened cooperation67 in the form of a joint product between the IPCC and IPBES, which could be useful to improve the evidence base on these complex interactions. The CBD COP has provided numerous elements of guidance on biodiversity and climate change68 and its Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) has continued to explore the emerging science69. Consideration could be given by the respective COPs to the establishment of a work programme between the two conventions; for example, through a joint workplan between the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the CBD SBSTTA to assess the scientific basis of the best options for coordinated action on climate change and biodiversity. Another idea could be for the respective Subsidiary Bodies on Implementation (SBIs) of the two Conventions to prepare guidance for the development of NDCs that include biodiversity concerns, and NBSAPs that reflect climate objectives. Such structured initiatives at the international level could help bring the national authorities for climate change and biodiversity closer together at the national level and stimulate synergies in relation to these topics with civil society groups.67 Decision IPBES-7/1: Rolling work programme of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services up to 2030.68 CBD Decision 14/5, CBD/COP/DEC/14/5: Biodiversity and climate change. 69 CBD/SBSTTA/23/INF/1: Review of new scientific and technical information on biodiversity and climate change andpotential implications for the work of the Convention on Biological Diversity.------- 32 -------This would require the development and promotionto include biodiversity in their work, and also with re-of inclusive, multi-stakeholder alliances to reconnectgional and sub-regional alliances and action planspeople and biodiversity: for example, a proposed UN-on biodiversity (for example, the ones taking placeESCO and UNEP “Coalition for Nature” would supportwithin the UNEP regional seas programmes)74.greater engagement across sectors of society on na-ture, and greater solidarity and equity between gen- • Support enhanced synergies among MEAs anderations and stakeholders in the relationship betweenthe UN system, and take leadership roles inpeople and nature.strengthening MEAs’ implementation.There is a need to further develop a common UN nar- • Support the establishment of inclusive, multi-stake-rative on the essential role of biodiversity for sustain-holder global alliances for people and biodiversityable development; improved communications on andwith a focus on how to reconnect with, appropri-advocacy for the interrelated biodiversity, climate andately appreciate and value nature, intergeneration-ocean agendas; and strengthened advocacy with-al equity and the passing on of the values of naturein and beyond the UN system including through theand living things to future generations.voices of biodiversity ambassadors and champions.• Promote the implementation of the post-2020When strengthening coordination and coalitions forglobal biodiversity framework at all levels, as wellbiodiversity to improve synergies in support of nation-as the engagement of all concerned stakeholdersal actions, UN agencies should consider the potentialto mobilize action.contribution of such coalitions to:• Strengthen engagement with business and the pri-• Address the drivers of biodiversity loss across UNvate sector75 to support its incorporation of biodiver-programmes, and mainstream biodiversity in the UNsity as a priority, and recognize nature-related busi-Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework.ness risks and the private sector’s role in solutions.• Promote the adoption of green and circular econ- • In view of the need for a consolidated UN sys-omy approaches,70,71 along with other sustainabletem-wide response to mainstream biodiversity intopractices, to transform global consumption andCOVID-19 recovery programmes/building backproduction systems and ensure food security andbetter, the EMG can play a stronger role in sup-better health outcomes for communities, while re-porting biodiversity mainstreaming into this pro-ducing emissions and other forms of environmen-cess.tal pollution and degradation. One way to do thiswould be to encourage countries to build on work • Building on the experiences of joint action plansof the SEEA framework to promote the transfor-around specific topics within the SDGs (such as themation of financial and incentive systems, redirectGlobal Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-beingprivate finance towards biodiversity-inclusive ac-for All76 on the health-related SDGs), and recognis-tions and nature-based solutions, and accelerateing the importance of biodiversity for the achieve-the creation of a planetary safety net72 for disaster73ment of the SDGs, develop a similar Joint Actionand climate resilience and inclusive development.Plan for Biodiversity, that would help to enhancecollaboration among UN entities and accelerate• Liaise with existing platforms for science and financ-progress toward the biodiversity-related SDG tar-ing set up by the UN Secretary-General and othersgets, including through better reflection of biodiver-sity in national and regional UN planning.70 https://sustain abledev elopm ent . un. or g/ inde x . p h p ?page=view&type=400&nr=126&menu=151571 https://www.unido.org/our-focus-cross-cutting-services/circular-economy72 https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2020/protecting-humanitys-safety-net-.html73 https://www.undrr.org/implementing-sendai-framework/whatsendai-framework74 https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/oceansseas/what-we-do/working-regional-seas/regional-seas-programmes75 https://www.unepfi.org76 https://www.who.int/sdg/global-action-plan/frequently-asked-questions------- 33 -------III. Mainstream biodiversity in UN internal operationsUN agencies need to strengthen biodiversity awareness and capacities for biodiversity conservation and enhancement within the UN system. In line with the UN Sustainability Strategy 2020-203077 and the objective for “Greening the Blue”, and with the recent EC and CEB decisions, UN agencies should strive to address the drivers of biodiversity loss and embed biodiversity standards in their procurement, project and programme planning and implementation, as well as “avoid adverse impacts on biodiversity from UN facilities, operations and activities”78. In particular they should:• Assess both the contributions to and impacts on biodiversity79 from the perspective of their own mandates, and identify, develop, implement and scale up best practices for the sustainable use, development, conservation and enhancement of biodiversity, as part of their operations and policies80,81,82.• Embed biodiversity safeguards in procurement, project and programme planning and implementation, including ensuring to the extent possible that the sources of project funding from the private sector come from «biodiversity responsible» ones.• Consider how public-private partnerships, particularly those making use of knowledge gained in mainstreaming biodiversity concerns in the private sector, can be used as a model for similar operations within and across the UN system.• Develop a UN system-wide mechanism for exchange of information and «best practices» for mainstreaming biodiversity in the UN’s internal operations.Thus, there is much that can be done within individual UN agencies, as well as between coalitions of agencies and across the entirethrough the whole UN system, to conduct and manage operations in a manner that will have great impact in safeguarding the integrity of biodiversity, and lead to greater ecosystems’ viability in the medium- to long-term.IV. Enhance UN-wide coherence and follow-up on biodiversityOne of the many assets of the UN system is its diversity, providing members with a wide range of competences and know-how across its funds, programmes, specialized agencies and regional bodies. These allow the UN to respond to local, national and regional specificities and to focus on different issues and sectors, but at the same time can also lead to individual agencies working alone in narrowly-focused silos.This challenges the capacity of the UN to address complex and interconnected issues such as biodiversity loss. In that regard, full benefit should be made from initiatives such as the UN «decades» (the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration83, the Decade of Action to deliver the Global Goals84 and the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development85) which involve many UN agencies with complementary mandates to reflect the new vision for more coordinated approaches across the UN system and allowing for comprehensive and inclusive approaches.Furthermore, in order to be more effective and efficient and to enhance UN-wide actions, the UN system will need to consider measures to enhance and strengthen system-wide cooperation and coordination on biodiversity. These measures could include:77 https://unemg.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/INF_3_Strategy-for-Sustainability-Management-in-the-UN-System.pdf78 See: https://unemg.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FINAL_ Model_Approach_ES-Standards-1.pdf & https://www.unsystem.org/content/addendum-strategy-sustainability-management-united-nations-system-2020-203079 At the level of genetic resources, ecosystem and/or species.80 http://www.fao.org/state-of-biodiversity-for-food-agriculture/en/81 https://www.who.int/globalchange/ecosystems/biodiversity/en/82 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2009). Biodiversity, Development and Poverty Alleviation: Recognizing the Role of Biodiversity for Human Well-being. Montreal.83 https://www.decadeonrestoration.org 84 https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-ac-tion/ 85 https://www.oceandecade.org------- 34 -------• Development of a common narrative across the • Consider developing a voluntary UN system-wideUN on biodiversity in the context of sustainablemonitoring and reporting scheme on UN enti-development and the post-2020 global biodiver-ties’ contributions to the implementation of thesity framework. Such an approach would lead topost-2020 global biodiversity framework in lineclearer communications on and stronger advocacywith their mandates and as part of their commit-for biodiversity, and help to break down existing uni-ments to the implementation of the SDGs. Onelateral approaches to biodiversity A joint but subsid-option to develop and implement such a schemeiary approach using the complementary mandatescould be through establisment of an EMG Issueof UN agencies would be more cost-efficient and,Management Group on Biodiversity for the periodthrough a common language, be more consistent.2021-2030. This Group would also facilitate aA starting point could be to mobilize demand forUN system-wide exchange of information, «bestaction through unified global and locally-adaptedpractices» for mainstreaming biodiversity in thecampaigns for the conservation of biological diver-UN’s programmes and operations, as well assity, the sustainable use of its components and thesupporting the development of a common narra-fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising outtive across the UN on biodiversity in the contextof the utilization of genetic resources.of sustainable development and the post-2020global biodiversity framework.• Undertake further analysis of and communicate theimplications for people and the planet if biodiver- In this regard, the UN System could promote bettersity is not dealt with as a priority objective by the reflection of biodiversity–related issues in the SDGs’global community. At the present time, this could follow-up and review structure, particularly by ensur-have a particular focus on zoonoses, highlighting ing proper reflection of biodiversity in the Voluntarythe underlying causes of increased risk of zoonotic National Reviews submitted by Countries to the HLPFdiseases and the importance of addressing the on Sustainable Development. This would provide sup-trends driving their more frequent emergence. port to the HLPF in fulfilling its mandate, and increaseThese trends include an increasing demand for both the visibility and commitments of stakeholdersanimal protein, a rise in intense and unsustainable towards the biodiversity agenda.farming, the increased use and exploitation of wild-life and the climate crisis. Doing so would help to Concluding Messageprevent the transfer of viruses and other pathogensfrom nature to human systems. Improved biodi- In summary, this document set outs a roadmapversity conservation and ecosystem management towards a coherent, inclusive, pro-active and col-need to be embedded in long-term mitigation and lective approach by the United Nations system toprevention measures, and increased focus given to achieve the objectives of the post-2020 global biodi-addressing wildlife trafficking and the introduction of versity framework and facilitate progress towards thewild-sourced species into legal value chains, as key 2050 vision of “living in harmony with nature”, build-actions to prevent future pandemics stemming from ing on existing commitments. Only deeply transform-zoonotic pathogens.ative change and collective measures by the globalcommunity will allow to halt and reverse biodiversity• Building on the process established under the loss, and ensure its sustainable use and restoration inEMG to facilitate UN contributions in develop- support of delivering the 2030 Agenda for Sustainableing the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, Development in the coming decade. The highly cata-catalyse engagement across the UN system to lytic and synergistic actions proposed in the «Lookingimplement a common approach on biodiversity, Forward» section of this document offer a road map toengaging its leadership and coordination mech- such UN system-wide effort on biodiversity, along withanisms at the global, regional and national levels a practical and realistic means for the United Nationsto implement the post-2020 global biodiversity to deliver its support for the post-2020 global biodiver-framework, including at (sub-)regional level under sity framework.the leadership of regional commissions.------- 35 -------ReferencesAlterra, 2008. ‘The Cost of Policy Inaction: The case of not meeting the 2010 biodiversity target’. Alterra, Wageningen University and Research et al. Wageningen, The Nether-lands, 314 pages. Available online at - https://www.cbd.int/financial/doc/copi-2008.pdfChen, S., Wang, W., Xu, W., Wang, Y., Wan, H., Chen, D. and D. 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WWF, Gland, Switzerland. 144 pages.------- 37 -------List of AcronymsBES-Net BIOFIN CBD CEB CEO COP COVID-19 DESA EC ECLAC EEA EMG FAO GBO GDP GEF GEO GHG GRO IGCIUFRO HLCP HLPF IDDRIIFAD IPBES IPCC IPPC IRP IUCN LDN MEA MOOC NBSAP NDCBiodiversity and Ecosystem Services Network (of UNDP) Biodiversity Finance Initiative (of UNDP) Convention on Biological Diversity Chief Executives Board for Coordination (of UN) Chief Executive Officer Conference of the Parties Corona Virus Disease 2019 Department of Economic and Social Affairs (of UN) Executive Committee (of the UN Secretary-General) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean European Environment Agency Environment Management Group of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Global Biodiversity Outlook Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Fund Global Environment Outlook (of UNEP) Greenhouse Gases Global Resources Outlook Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (of WIPO) International Union of Forest Research Organizations High-Level Committee on Programmes (of the UN) High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (of the UN) Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (or «Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales») International Fund for Agricultural Development Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Plant Protection Convention International Resource Panel International Union for Conservation of Nature Land Degradation Neutrality Multilateral Environmental Agreement Massive Open Online Course National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Nationally Determined Contribution------- 38 -------NGONon-Governmental OrganizationODAOfficial Development AssistanceOECDOrganization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOEWGOpen-Ended Working GroupSAICMStrategic Approach to International Chemicals ManagementSBISubsidiary Body on Implementation (of CBD)SBISubsidiary Body for Implementation (of UNFCCC)SBSTASubsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (of UNFCCC)SBSTTASubsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (of CBD)SDGsSustainable Development GoalsSEEASystem of Environmental-Economic AccountingSGSecretary-General (of the UN)UNCCDUnited Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUNDRRUnited Nations Office for Disaster Risk ReductionUNEAUnited Nations Environment Assembly (of UNEP)UNEPUnited Nations Environment ProgrammeUNEP-WCMC United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring CentreUNESCOUnited Nations Educational, Social and Cultural OrganizationUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNICEFUnited Nations Children’s FundUNIDOUnited Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNITARUnited Nations Institute for Training and ResearchUNSDUnited Nations Statistics DivisionUN SDGUnited Nations Sustainable Development GroupUNUUnited Nations UniversityUNWTOWorld Tourism OrganizationWEFWorld Economic ForumWFPWorld Food ProgrammeWG2020Open-ended Working Group on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (of CBD)WHOWorld Health OrganizationWIPOWorld Intellectual Property OrganizationWMOWorld Meteorological OrganizationWTOWorld Trade OrganizationWWFWorld Wide Fund for Nature------- 39 -------UN EntityBRS CBD CITES CMS UN DOS ECA ECE ECLAC ESCAP ESCWA FAOIAEA ICAO IFAD ILO IMF IMO IOM UNISDR ITC ITU OCHA OHCHR Ramsar Convention UNCCD UNCTAD UNDESAUNDP UNEPAnnexContributors and ReviewersContributor/ReviewerMaría Cristina Cárdenas Neil Pratt, Elizabeth Mrema David Morgan Amy Fraenkel, Laura Cerasi Sungmin Patricia Kim Charles Akol Marco Keiner, Roman Michalak, Paola Deda Marcia Tambutti Stefanos Fotiou, Solène Le Doze Roula Majdalani, Reem Nejdawi, Lara Geadah Maria Helena Semedo, Eduardo Mansur, Irene Hoffmann, Frédéric Castell, Dan Leskien, Kim Friedman, Preetmoninder Lidder, Kent Nnadozie, Vera Agostini, Lev Neretin, Julie Bélanger, Sheila Wertz, Monica Kobayashi, Anna Rappazzo Peter Swarzenski Jane Hupe, Lorenzo Gavilli Margarita Astralaga, Renee Ankarfjard Moustapha Kamal Gueye Robert Powell, Evelyn Nash Theofanis Karayannis, Fredrik Haag Eva Mach Sarah Houghton Joseph Wozniak Mijke Hertoghs, Rosie McDonald Sheilagh Henry Benjamin Schachter, Therese Arnesen Maria Rivera Sasha Alexander Lorena Jaramillo, Andreas Obrecht Barbara Tavora-Jainchill, Hossein Moeini-Meybodi, Alexander Trepelkov, Madhushree Chatterjee, Xin Feng Tim Scott, Jamison Ervin, Midori Paxton Alex Owusu-Biney, Corli Pretorius, Daniela Guaras, Diane Klaimi, Doreen Robinson, Federica Pesce, Jerry Harrison, Hossein Fadaei, Hyun Sung, Marieta Sakalian, Maarten Kappelle, Neville Ash, Soo Young Hwang, Susan Gardner------- 40 -------Ozone Secretariat UNESCO UNFCCC UNFPA UN-Habitat UNHCR UNICEF UNIDO UNITAR UNOOSA UNOPS UNU UN Women UPU WFP WHO WIPOWMO World Bank World Trade Organization UNWTO UNODCTina Birmpili, Sophia Mylona Meriem Bouamrane Chad Tudenggongbu Daniel Schensul Andrew Rudd, Rafael Tuts Anna Kaplina Rakshya Thapa Niels Schulz Angus Mackay Shirishkumar Ravan Nives Costa William Dunbar Verona Collantes Susan Alexander Dipayan Bhattacharyya Cristina Romanelli Jiao Fei, Victor Owade, Ridha Bouabid, Ignacio de Castro Llamas, Amy Dietterich, Peter Oksen, Wend Wendland Katrin Ehlert, Robert Stefanski Giovanni Ruta, Olga Gavryliuk Karsten Steinfatt Sofía Gutiérrez Sinead Brophy, Jenna Dawson-FaberEMG OBSERVERSCONTRIBUTORSBavarian School of Public Policy, Fiona Kinniburgh Technical University of MunichIDDRI(Independent) IUCN WWF ZoinetAleksandar Rankovic, Damien Barchiche, Lucien Chabason, Alexandra Deprez, Marcel Jouve Ronald G. Witt Jane Smart Luca Chinotti Otto Simonett------- 41 -------As the current COVID-19 emergency demonstrates, the human species is linked with and dependent upon complex natural life systems. Unsustainable societies have made this balance more precarious, putting at risk biodiversity and the ecosystems that sustain our lives. Rethinking our relationship with nature and halting biodiversity loss are therefore necessary steps toward resilient societies and a healthy planet.Pursuing this goal, in 2021 the world community is expected to adopt a renewed global agenda for biodiversity as a successor to the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, which will set the goals and targets to protect and restore nature by 2030. This renewed global agenda is a stepping-stone towards achieving the 2050 Vision of ‘Living in harmony with nature’ where “by 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for people”. In light of the process for the preparation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, and in response to the invitation of the CBD’s WG2020, the EMG was tasked to facilitate a contribution by the UN system for developing and implementing the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.This report aims to reflect the fundamental importance of halting biodiversity loss and also to identify key areas for action on biodiversity, including by highlighting activities undertaken by UN agencies in the context of their existing mandates. It also provides a vision of how the UN agencies could contribute to tackling the loss of biodiversity, and ensuring its sustainable use for the benefit of all people, laying the groundwork for a UN-wide agenda for action on biodiversity.We would also like to acknowledge the generous support and contribution from the Ministry of Environment of Finland.The United Nations Environment Management Group (EMG) is a system-wide coordination body on environment and human settlements, established in 2001 pursuant to the General Assembly. The consists of the 51 specialized agencies, programmes and organs of the United Nations including the secretariats of the Multilateral Environmental Agreements, the Bretton Woods institutions and the World Trade Organization. The EMG identifies issues on the international environmental agenda that warrant cooperation, and finds ways of engaging its collective capacity in coherent management responses to those issues. Over the last decade, the EMG has provided support to the biodiversity agenda, through contributions to the shaping of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its follow-up.The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international legally-binding treaty with three main objectives: the conservation of biodiversity; the sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. The CBD covers biodiversity at all levels: ecosystems, species and genetic diversity. Because biodiversity has an impact and is impacted by so many different domains, the CBD aims to address all possible domains that are directly or indirectly related to biodiversity, including development, education, agriculture, business, indigenous peoples and many more. The Convention has two Protocols: the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (and its Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress) and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization.
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