Member Survey US-China Business Council | 2021 US-China Business Council 0 2021 Member Survey Executive Summary In 2021, an overwhelming majority of USCBC member companies remain commercially successful in China, a trend that has been well documented in USCBC’s annual member surveys for more than a decade. Nonetheless, companies still face significant challenges arising from US-China relations, the policy and regulatory environment, residual effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel, and rising costs. Four key themes emerged in this year’s survey: 1. US-China tensions continue to weigh on American companies Conflicting pressures from both the United States and China threaten to put companies in an irreconcilable position, increasing uncertainty and geopolitical risk. For the fourth consecutive year, US-China relations rank as the top challenge for US companies doing business in China. Nearly half of respondents cite concerns about customers perceiving them as unreliable because of US-China tensions. Restrictions on travel between the countries—ranked third among this year’s top challenges—are exacerbating both political tensions and operational challenges. 2. An uneven playing field is making it increasingly hard for US companies to compete State support for Chinese companies and regulatory barriers disproportionately affecting foreign businesses continue to skew the playing field, particularly as China becomes a more mature market and competition intensifies. Challenges related to industrial policy, data and cybersecurity policy, intellectual property, and standards are exacerbated by bilateral tensions. 3. The Chinese market remains critical to American companies A majority of companies surveyed remain profitable, and more than 40 percent have plans to increase resource commitments in China over the next year. The vast majority of respondents invest in China to serve the Chinese market, where they see strong growth prospects. 4. Reduced optimism raises questions about US companies’ future prospects in China Geopolitical and policy challenges are dampening optimism about China’s business environment, and US companies are now prioritizing China less than in years past. While most companies are not moving their business or supply chains out of China, these challenges raise questions about their future competitiveness in China, particularly if perception challenges intensify and the policy environment deteriorates further. US-China Business Council 1 2021 Member Survey Table of Contents INTRODUCTION US-CHINA RELATIONS Elevated US-China tensions are increasing risk and uncertainty The jury is still out on Phase One, but tariffs remain a major concern Travel restrictions are exacerbating operational and political challenges CHINESE POLICY ENVIRONMENT Domestic innovation policies are raising concern amid China’s push for technological self-sufficiency Protectionist policies are skewing the playing field State support for Chinese companies is exacerbating competition concerns Data flows and privacy rules are stoking widespread concern Longstanding intellectual property concerns persist Access to standards setting remains challenging COMPANY PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING Despite challenges, a vast majority of companies remain profitable and continue to grow China remains a very important market for US companies China remains a top priority, though less than before Companies continue reporting that they are staying in China METHODOLOGY AND RESPONDENT PROFILE US-China Business Council 2 2021 Member Survey Introduction Despite a US presidential transition in 2021 and the beginnings of an economic recovery in both the United States and China, tensions in the bilateral relationship have only intensified since USCBC published its last annual member survey report. US companies operating in China often find themselves in the crossfire, and this year’s survey reflects that reality. Over the last year, each country enacted policies—in the financial, trade, investment, and technology spheres—that run the risk of alienating the other from its market. Over the same period, the pace of China’s economic reforms related to intellectual property and market access slowed, while state support for domestic firms and restrictive data policies accelerated. These headwinds are compounded by uncertainty about the future of the US-China relationship, which is now impacting companies’ global strategies and investment plans. This report seeks to take stock of the current business environment in China, unpack the most significant challenges faced by the US companies operating there, and explore the factors shaping their business decisions. Top 10 Challenges 1. US-China relations 2. Competition with Chinese companies 3. International travel and visa restrictions 4. Data flows and personal information rules 5. Tariffs 6. Intellectual property protection 7. Export controls and sanctions 8. Licenses and approvals 9. COVID-19 impacts 10. Cost increases US-China Business Council 3 2021 Member Survey Elevated US-China tensions are increasing risk and uncertainty Tense US-China relations have had a detrimental impact on US companies doing business in China. USChina relations are the top challenge faced by survey respondents, as was the case for the past four years. The vast majority of those surveyed have been affected by bilateral trade tensions, with most characterizing the impact as harmful or severely harmful to their businesses. Several other top challenges identified by companies are linked to friction in the US-China relationship, including tariffs, export controls, and sanctions. Bilateral tensions and subsequent policy efforts are impacting Chinese perceptions about the reliability of US companies, as evidenced by the most commonly reported impact of the trade tensions: lost sales due to customer uncertainty of continued supply. Impacts of US-China trade tensions Lost sales due to customer uncertainty of continued supply Shifts in suppliers or sourcing due to uncertainty of continued supply 48% 39% Impacts of nationalism in consumer decisions 33% Increased scrutiny from regulators in China Lost sales due to tariffs that the United States implemented Lost sales due to tariffs that China implemented Delay or cancellation of investment in the United States or China due to uncertainty Increased scrutiny from regulators in the United States Excluded from bids or tenders due to status as American company Other 26% 26% 22% 19% 18% 15% 12% Have trade tensions impacted your business in China? 18% Yes. No. 82% US-China Business Council 4 2021 Member Survey In response to a question asked for the first time this year, 45 percent of companies say they have felt pressure to make statements about political issues, and that the pressure comes from both the US and Chinese governments as well as consumers. One-third of respondents say that nationalism has played a role in consumer decisions as a result of US-China tensions. While roughly a quarter of companies have not altered their strategy due to the impacts of US-China tensions, many others have had to adapt. Some of these adaptations include adopting a more localized approach to supply chains, production, services, and intellectual property while shifting away from certain industry or customer segments in China. Has your company felt pressured to make (or not make) statements about sensitive political issues in the US-China relationship? No. Yes, and this pressure has increased. Yes, but this pressure is no greater than in previous years. 10% 35% 55% Due to the impact of tensions, companies have altered their strategies by... Developing new supply chains for China-specific, US-specific, or other regionspecific businesses Not significantly altering their company’s strategy Localizing more production, services, or IP in China than we normally would consider in order to access local sales opportunities Shifting away from certain industry or customer segments in China 34% 26% 25% 25% Investing fewer resources in China 16% Other 10% Investing more resources in China Pursuing joint ventures with Chinese entities that we would not normally consider in order to access local sales opportunities 9% 6% US-China Business Council 5 2021 Member Survey The jury is still out on Phase One, but tariffs remain a major concern As part of the Phase One trade agreement, China committed to making regulatory reforms and purchasing specific and significant amounts of US goods and services over 2020 and 2021. China has made progress on its commitments but has not fully delivered on promised reforms or purchases. A plurality of respondents have a neutral view of China’s implementation of the trade agreement, but a similar portion view implementation either somewhat positively or positively. Overall views on Phase One implementation so far Positive Somewhat positive Neutral Somewhat negative Negative 15% 26% 45% 11% 3% Bilateral tariffs rank fifth among the top challenges faced by companies this year. Many had hoped that US tariffs—enacted following a Section 301 investigation into China’s trade practices—and Chinese retaliatory tariffs would be lifted upon signing the Phase One deal. However, a year and a half after the agreement went into effect, steep tariffs on both sides remain in place. About half of respondents say it is still too soon to determine whether the costs of the tariffs are worth the benefits of Phase One, while another 41 percent believe that the tariffs are too costly, a camp that grew slightly since the last survey. Views on Section 301 actions 56% 52% 7% 7% 36% 41% 2020 2021 It’s too soon to say. The benefits of the trade agreement outweigh the costs of the tariffs. The costs of the tariffs outweigh the benefits of the trade agreement. US-China Business Council 6 2021 Member Survey Travel restrictions are exacerbating operational and political challenges International travel and visa restrictions—a new option this year—are the third-largest challenge identified by companies in 2021. Due to China’s strict COVID-19 control measures, it remains extremely difficult to obtain visas to travel to China, even for critical business matters. Travelers that do manage to obtain a visa are required to endure long quarantines. How have travel restrictions impacted your operations in China? Cancelled international events/conferences in China Cancelled international executive exchange programs/training Delayed or cancelled significant business decisions since executives were not present Lost significant business opportunities because executives/personnel were not present Increased local hires 29% 23% 13% 57% 44% The extreme difficulty in traveling between the United States and China has resulted in significant operational challenges for US companies. Additionally, the absence of people-to-people exchanges has challenged diplomatic relations, reducing the already narrow scope of engagements that are necessary to resolve and discuss sensitive political issues. US-China Business Council 7 2021 Member Survey Domestic innovation policies are raising concern amid China’s push for technological self-sufficiency Most respondents expressed some level of concern with China’s policies promoting domestic innovation and manufacturing, and 39 percent of companies—a plurality—report that stronger government support for Chinese companies is linked to rising US-China tensions. Companies’ concerns are split fairly evenly between existing and potential impacts to business. These concerns are in reaction to intensified high-level statements from the Chinese government and new policy plans promoting technological self-sufficiency, which threaten to limit opportunities for foreign companies in the market. The share of companies negatively affected by China’s push to develop high-tech industries and achieve technological self-sufficiency has increased from 12 percent to 38 percent over the last three years. Among the companies negatively affected, the most commonly cited impacts include Chinese customers shifting away from American products and services, increased competition from Chinese companies, and increased barriers to market access in sectors highlighted in industrial policy plans. What changes has your company observed in Chinese industrial policies as a result of US- China trade frictions? Accelerated preferential policy support for domestic private and state-owned companies Increased policy support both for domestic and foreign companies Decreased policy support No changes 32% 39% 1% 22% Have China's industrial policies impacted your company’s operations? 61% 53% 78% Negative impacts from industrial policies Chinese customers actively shifting away from American company products or services to domestic or non-American competitors 66% Increased competition from Chinese companies that were not previously competitive 59% 28% 12% 11% 11% 2019 2020 Positive impact Negative impact US-China Business Council 38% 9% 2021 No impact Limited access to markets/sectors outlined in plans 43% Reconsideration of partnership models in China 25% 8 2021 Member Survey Protectionist policies are skewing the playing field Companies continue to identify a long list of protectionist policies and behaviors that skew the playing field in favor of their Chinese competitors. National policies promoting domestic innovation are at the top of the list for the second year in a row. Longstanding concerns, such as subsidies, government procurement access, standards setting, and foreign investment barriers are also playing a role in fostering and protecting Chinese national champions. Notably, negative media coverage in China has newly emerged as the second most cited sign of protectionism in the country. Additionally, 37 percent of respondents are seeing protectionism in licensing and business approvals, an issue that is ranked eighth among respondents’ top 10 business concerns. Signs of protectionism in China Innovation policies Negative media coverage in China Licensing and regulatory approvals Government procurement market access Government pressure to favor Chinese-owned companies in purchasing decisions by non-government entities Direct subsidies, preferential financing, or tax incentives for domestic companies not available to foreign companies Tighter enforcement of rules against foreign companies compared to local companies Foreign investment barriers Not seeing signs of protectionism Standards setting Competition enforcement, including M&A reviews and monopoly investigations Unequal adjudication in commercial court cases or dispute settlement cases involving foreign companies Trade remedy cases 44% 39% 37% 35% 35% 28% 27% 23% 22% 22% 14% 10% 8% US-China Business Council 9 2021 Member Survey State-owned competitors State support for Chinese companies is exacerbating competition concerns Competition with Chinese companies is the number two challenge for survey respondents. Much of this has been a natural development as China’s market and businesses have matured, but state support for Chinese companies still raises the question of how much of the competition is fair. State support for Chinese companies—in the form of preferential government financing, licensing, and access to contracts, to name a few—has provided a significant home-field advantage for increasingly sophisticated Chinese companies, making it difficult for US companies to compete. Nearly three-quarters of respondents know or suspect that their state-owned enterprise (SOE) competitors receive benefits from the Chinese government that their company does not. This percentage is lower when it comes to respondents’ knowledge of their private Chinese competitors receiving state support, but it still represents a majority. Are your competitors receiving tangible benefits? What kinds of benefits do SOE competitors receive? 21% 26% Yes, we have concrete knowledge that SOE competitors are receiving benefits or subsidies. Yes, we suspect that SOE competitors are receiving benefits or subsidies but don’t know for sure. No, our SOE competitors are not receiving benefits or subsidies. 52% 6% Preferential government financing Preferential access to government contracts Preferential licensing and approvals Preferential treatment in policy enforcement Tax benefits 42% Yes, we have concrete knowledge that private competitors are receiving benefits or subsidies we cannot. Yes, we suspect that private competitors are receiving benefits or subsidies we cannot but don’t know for sure. No, our private competitors are not receiving benefits or subsidies. 52% Other financial subsidies Lower land costs than are available to foreign companies Other Lower utility costs 60% 51% 42% 40% 38% 31% 29% 16% 16% Non-SOE competitors US-China Business Council 10 2021 Member Survey Data flows and privacy rules are stoking widespread concern Data flows and privacy rules rank fourth among companies’ top challenges, matching the highest level of concern expressed by respondents since this topic’s inclusion in the survey. The regulatory environment for data and privacy in China is developing rapidly, with some companies already facing penalties for often unclear violations. Some policies require redundant data storage infrastructure or burdensome and easily politicized security reviews to transfer data abroad. This has put American companies with global scale at a significant disadvantage without providing clear improvements to cybersecurity. Newer laws and regulations include extraterritorial elements, which could further complicate the operating environment for multinational companies. Companies looking to comply with China’s expansive cyber and privacy regime have had to wade through a patchwork of laws, unfinalized implementing regulations, and standards to properly understand their responsibilities. As a result, an average of more than 80 percent of respondents have expressed concern about Chinese policies and regulations on information flows, privacy, data, and cybersecurity since 2015, when the first draft of China’s Cybersecurity Law was published. This year is no exception, with 81 percent of respondents indicating they are either somewhat concerned or very concerned. Overarching trends in the Chinese government’s approach to data localization, cross-border data transfer reviews, and cybersecurity are coming into focus, but many of the details around compliance with the regime remain murky. As a result, three-quarters of companies are concerned about potential impacts rather than existing ones. Concerns about cyber-related issues Restrictions on cross-border data flows in Chinese regulations Ambiguity of compliance requirements and terms Data localization requirements Inability to utilize global IT solutions or nonChinese cloud-based applications in China Internet service within China Invasive cybersecurity inspections from government regulators IP theft Legal liability due to collection and management of personally identifiable information Loss of sales in China due to national security/protectionism Pressure to use Chinese encryption algorithms 58% 56% Concern about China's information flow and 54% technology security policies 49% 44% 38% 29% 29% 24% 6% 13% 31% Very concerned Somewhat concerned Not concerned Not sure or N/A 15% Other 8% Participation in domestic cyber-related standards bodies 7% 50% US-China Business Council 11 2021 Member Survey Longstanding intellectual property concerns persist Intellectual property (IP) and technology transfer concerns have been a central issue in bilateral trade tensions and continue to receive significant attention from both governments. Despite a host of regulatory reforms undertaken as part of China’s Phase One commitments, half of respondents say that China’s protection of IP rights has remained unchanged since 2020. At the same time, perceptions of IP reform have dampened, with the share of respondents reporting improvements in China’s protection of IP rights dropping by more than 10 percentage points since last year. Over the past year, China's protection of IP rights has... Greatly improved Somewhat improved Remained unchanged Somewhat deteriorated Greatly deteriorated 1% 4% 4% 4% 4% 1% 5% 3% 1% 2% 2% 43% 44% 54% 57% 58% 57% 51% 56% 42% 37% 50% 53% 48% 41% 37% 35% 36% 40% 38% 51% 51% 43% 3% 3% 1% 2% 3% 1% 5% 5% 7% 10% 5% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Fifty-nine percent of respondents feel somewhat concerned about the level of IP protection in China, and another 26 percent are very concerned. Concerns around IP protection are limiting the activities companies are willing to undertake in China. This prevents Chinese consumers, researchers, and workers from fully enjoying the benefits of foreign investment and unlocking China’s full innovation capacity. Impacts of China's level of IP rights enforcement on activities undertaken in China No impact Limits R&D activities in China Limits products manufactured in China Limits products co-manufactured or licensed in China Limits products sold in China 25% 24% 18% 17% 16% Has your company been asked to transfer technology to China? 5% Yes. No. 95% Only five percent of respondents have been asked to transfer technology in the last year. While technology transfer has not been a widespread concern of respondents in recent years, it is an acute problem for affected companies. When companies are asked to transfer technology as part of joint venture requirements, administrative licensing requirements, or other regulatory processes as a condition for market entry, they are forced to weigh the value of their IP against access to the Chinese market. US-China Business Council 12 2021 Member Survey Access to standards setting remains challenging Technical standards can create opportunities for companies when they align with their product specifications, but standards also erect barriers to opportunity when they do not. The ability to participate in the standards-setting process is especially critical in China, where standards often differ from those used in other international markets. Despite commitments in the 2019 Foreign Investment Law to allow the equal participation of foreign-invested enterprises, US companies still report challenges in their access to Chinese standards setting. Although about a third of respondents have not attempted to participate in standards setting in China, of those that have, more than 40 percent rate their ability to do so as poor. This is up from only 24 percent the previous year. Your company’s ability to participate in China’s standards-setting process is... 24% 41% Even when US companies are able to participate in Chinese standards setting, they often still experience challenges with processes and transparency. Of the companies that have attempted to participate, two-thirds say their company receives slightly below equal or unfavorable treatment. A quarter feel they receive equal treatment, and the remainder, eight percent, say they are treated favorably. Level of treatment compared to local companies 64% 42% 12% 18% 2020 2021 Good Fair Poor 8% 21% Favorable treatment Equal treatment Slightly below equal treatment Unfavorable treatment 25% 45% US-China Business Council 13 2021 Member Survey Despite challenges, a vast majority of companies remain profitable and continue to grow US companies continue to have a strong performance record in China. For more than a decade, an overwhelming majority of respondents have been profitable there, helping to bolster their innovation and competitiveness capabilities in China and globally. Ninety-five percent of respondents report that their China operations were profitable over the last year, and 64 percent saw revenue growth. Profitability in China was the same or better than the company’s overall operations for more than three-quarters of respondents. Are your China operations profitable? Yes. No. Most companies expect their revenue in China 15% 11% 9% 17% 15% 10% 5% 3% 3% 9% 5% to increase in 2021, bouncing back to historical levels after the COVID-19 85% 89% 91% 83% 85% 90% 95% 97% 97% 91% 95% pandemic and trade war distorted outlooks in 2019 and 2020. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Current year revenue from China projection 1% 11% 9% 1% 21% 11% 20% 17% 18% 19% 13% 21% 88% 73% 78% 71% 67% 62% Increase 9% 8% 15% 13% 75% 78% Remain unchanged Decrease 8% 26% 42% 22% 22% 28% 70% 52% 30% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Profit margin rate of China operations compared to overall operations 2019 2020 2021 Better Same Worse 20% 25% 39% 31% 39% 36% 36% 29% 22% 30% 22% 19% 30% 32% 35% 27% 33% 32% 30% 23% 29% 33% 61% 45% 31% 42% 38% 35% 31% 38% 46% 38% 43% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 US-China Business Council 14 2021 Member Survey China remains a very important market for US companies In line with their strong performance, most companies see their resource commitment in China either staying the same or accelerating over the next year. While challenges in the business environment and concerns over bilateral tensions are significant, one of the main reasons companies continue to invest in China is to be competitive in the Chinese market, which is difficult without a presence on the ground. Ninety-four percent of respondents note that their objective for current and future investments in China is to access or serve the Chinese market. Such “in-China-for-China” investments are likely to continue because of China’s expected market growth. Seventy-eight percent of companies view China’s growth prospects as better than other emerging markets. Resource commitment for next 12 months Will accelerate Will remain unchanged Will be curtailed 1% 2% 7% 2% 11% 8% 8% 4% 11% 15% 6% 26% 31% 41% 48% 38% 46% 44% 44% 51% 51% 60% 73% 67% 52% 50% 51% 46% 48% 51% 38% 43% 25% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Objectives for existing and future investments in China Access or serve the China market Localize regional supply chain in China to reduce risk due to US-China tensions, tariffs, etc. Export platform to serve markets other than the United States 19% 16% 94% Export platform to serve the US market 15% US-China Business Council 15 2021 Member Survey China remains a top priority, though less than before Despite companies’ strong performances in the China market, increased geopolitical risk from bilateral tensions and COVID-19 disruptions of supply chains have caused companies to rethink China’s role in their business strategies. While China remains a priority compared to other markets (among the top five for 74 percent of respondents), it is considerably lower than in the past. A decade ago, China was a top-five priority market for 94 percent of respondents. China's prominence in overall company strategy 2% 1% 1% 1% 4% 5% 3% 7% 6% 4% 2% 12% 10% 5% 4% 6% 9% 13% 13% 21% 71% 72% 81% 71% 78% 67% 74% 71% 68% 67% 64% 23% 22% 15% 22% 16% 17% 14% 19% 14% 16% 10% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Top priority Among top five priorities One of many non-key priorities Not a priority Optimism about the business climate in China has also declined, with a majority of companies less optimistic than three years ago, when trade tensions were just emerging and the COVID19 pandemic had yet to begin. View of current business climate in China compared to three years ago 8% 32% More optimistic Less optimistic No change 59% US-China Business Council 16 2021 Member Survey While most companies remain optimistic about their five-year business outlook in China, that attitude has moderated over time; a decade ago, 91 percent of respondents held an optimistic outlook. While the issues impacting respondents’ five-year outlooks vary, China’s policy and regulatory environment is the top issue cited. Five-year outlook for business in China Optimistic Somewhat optimistic Neutral Somewhat pessimistic Pessimistic 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 8% 4% 6% 3% 7% 14% 7% 8% 6% 9% 13% 14% 8% 11% 15% 18% 16% 22% 33% 21% 17% 42% 49% 54% 51% 42% 52% 42% 42% 44% 45% 58% 48% 39% 31% 24% 30% 33% 33% 22% 23% 27% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 What issues most impact your five-year outlook? Policy and regulatory environment Competitive environment Domestic market growth Costs Profitability of China operations 32% 29% 64% 60% 51% US-China Business Council 17 2021 Member Survey Companies continue reporting that they are staying in China Despite reduced levels of priority and optimism, most respondents report that they did not reduce or stop planned investments in China in the last year. They also report that they are not moving their operations out of China. Did your company reduce or stop planned investment in China in the past year? Yes. No. 83% 85% 86% 86% 85% 83% 92% 83% 76% 83% 17% 15% 14% 14% 15% 17% 8% 17% 24% 17% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Eighty-seven percent of respondents have not moved any segment of their supply chain out of China in the past year. Of those that have adjusted supply chains, just two percent moved one or more segments to the United States, while 12 percent moved elsewhere. The top reason for supply chain moves was uncertainty resulting from US-China tensions. Has your company moved any segments of its supply chain out of China in the past 12 months? 2% 12% What were the reasons for moving operations to another location? Increased costs or other uncertainties resulting from US-China tensions 69% Regulatory challenges in China 38% Yes, to the United States. Yes, to another location. Supply chain resilience 38% No. Costs in China 31% To comply with US regulations 23% 87% US-China Business Council 18 2021 Member Survey That a relatively small number of companies shifted supply chains speaks to the strength of China’s supply chain ecosystems and to the difficulty of relocating. However, this may not be the case forever. With global efforts to secure critical supply chains on the rise, increasing costs of doing business in China could lead companies to explore options to improve supply chain resilience elsewhere. One of the contributors to operational moves—rising business costs in China—is ranked tenth among this year’s top 10 issues. Costs have been a persistent issue for respondents for more than a decade, with 81 percent indicating cost concerns in 2021. Among specific costs, human resources costs are by far companies’ largest concern. Rising material costs come in at a distant second. Top cost concerns Human resources costs 79% Rising costs of materials 31% Land purchase or rental costs 27% General inflation outlook 24% Rising costs of product/operational compliance 20% Shutdowns and supply chain disruptions from COVID-19 20% Rising cost of environmental compliance 18% Tariffs increasing cost of outputs for China manufacturing 17% Payroll taxes/social insurance for expats 15% Rising costs of energy and utilities 15% Increased taxes and fees 10% US-China Business Council 19 2021 Member Survey Methodology For over a decade, USCBC’s member survey has captured sentiments from a multitude of US companies operating in China. This year’s survey was conducted in June 2021 and draws from a pool of 107 member companies. Respondents’ top 10 challenges were ranked using a weighted system to reflect the most significant issues they encounter while doing business in China. The same methodology was used in previous years to ensure the analysis is consistent over time. Due to rounding, some chart totals may add up to more or less than 100 percent. Type of operations in China Years doing business in China Manufacturing Services Tech-intensive Energy Agriculture Other 24% 14% 8% 6% 45% 40% 68% 4% 5% < 5 years 5–10 years 11–20 years >20 years 24% Respondent location 6% 34% United States China Other 60% US-China Business Council 20 2021 Member Survey
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