世界主要能源数据统计2021

Statistics report Key World Energy Statistics 2021 September 2021 KEY WORLD ENERGY STATISTICS INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 30 member countries, 8 association countries and beyond. IEA member countries Australia Greece Norway Austria Hungary Poland Belgium Ireland Portugal Canada Italy Slovak Republic Czech Republic Japan Spain Denmark Korea Sweden Estonia Luxembourg Switzerland Finland Mexico Turkey France Netherlands United Kingdom Germany New Zealand United States * The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA IEA association countries Brazil China India Indonesia Morocco Singapore South Africa Thailand Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at iea.org/t&c/ Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: iea.org Foreword The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established in 1974 to promote energy security and provide authoritative analysis for its member countries and beyond. Energy statistics are at the heart of the work of the IEA. Over the years, with input from statisticians all around the world, the IEA has gained recognition as the world’s most authoritative source for energy statistics. Energy statistics are meant to be used. They monitor changes in energy production and use, inform debate, and provide wider understanding, including giving countries sharper insights into their energy transitions. In Key World Energy Statistics (KWES), we highlight key facts and trends from across the vast number of datasets the IEA produces to provide everyone with a clear view of energy systems and markets. In addition to data on specific fuels and energy balances, KWES also contains other important information related to energy transitions, including energy security, efficiency, prices, CO2 emissions and public RD&D expenditures. Reflecting the IEA “Open Doors” policy, the geographic coverage is broad, including data on the whole “IEA family” and beyond. The challenges associated with the development and transformation of our energy systems are considerable, and for this reason I hope that these statistics will not only inform but also help policy makers and others make wise decisions to ensure our energy is produced and consumed in a secure, affordable, efficient, and sustainable manner. As I like to say, data always wins. It brings the “state of play” of our energy systems into sharp focus. This has never been more true than it is today, with the world economy undergoing significant structural change as a consequence of Covid-19. I would therefore like to thank the whole team in the IEA Energy Data Centre, under the outstanding leadership of Nick Johnstone, for their work in making sure we all have the data we need to gain a comprehensive understanding of energy today so that we can better plan for tomorrow. Dr. Fatih Birol Executive Director, International Energy Agency KWES is a summary of the comprehensive data made available by the IEA via its website: www.iea.org/statistics/. 3 Table of contents 4 Supply 6 Transformation 26 Final consumption 34 Energy efficiency 44 Energy balances 46 Prices 50 Emissions 54 Research, development and demonstration (RD&D) 56 Outlook 58 Energy indicators 60 Conversion factors 70 Glossary 73 5 Supply Key World Energy Statistics World total energy supply (TES) by source World¹ total energy supply by source, 1971-2019 (EJ) 800 600 400 200 0 1971 1975 Coal² Hydro 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Oil Natural gas Biofuels and waste Other³ 2010 2015 2019 Nuclear Share of world total energy supply by source, 1973 and 2019 Hydro 1.8% Nuclear 0.9% 1973 Biofuels and waste 10.2% Other³ 0.1% Natural gas 16.1% Coal² 24.7% Oil 46.2% 2019 Biofuels and waste Hydro 9.4% 2.5% Nuclear 5.0% Other³ 2.2% Coal² 26.8% Natural gas 23.2% Oil 30.9% 254 EJ 606 EJ 1. World includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. 2. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide/wave/ocean, heat and other sources. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 6 Key World Energy Statistics Supply OECD total energy supply by source OECD total energy supply1 by source, 1971-2020 (EJ) 250 200 150 100 50 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Coal² Nuclear Other³ Oil Hydro Natural gas Biofuels and waste Share of OECD total energy supply1 by source, 1973 and 2020 1973 Biofuels Hydro and waste 2.1% 2.4% Nuclear 1.3% Other³ 0.2% Natural gas 18.9% Coal² 22.5% Oil 52.6% 2020 Hydro 2.6% Biofuels and waste 6.6% Nuclear 9.6% Other³ 3.4% Coal² 13.2% Natural gas 30.6% Oil 34.0% 157 EJ 210 EJ 1. Excludes electricity trade. 2. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide/wave/ocean, heat and other sources. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 7 Supply Key World Energy Statistics World total energy supply by region World total energy supply by region, 1971-2019 (EJ) 800 600 400 200 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 OECD Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Non-OECD Asia¹ Africa Middle East China Non-OECD Americas Bunkers² Share of world total energy supply by region, 1973 and 2019 1973 NonOECD Asia¹ 5.2% NonOECD Americas Africa 3.3% 3.2% Bunkers² 3.0% China 7.1% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 15.5% Middle East 0.8% OECD 61.9% 254 EJ 2019 NonOECD Americas 3.9% NonOECD Asia¹ 13.6% Africa 5.9% Bunkers² 2.9% OECD 37.0% China 23.5% Middle East 5.1% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 8.1% 606 EJ 1. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. 2. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 8 Key World Energy Statistics Supply World total energy supply by region World total energy supply by IEA aggregate, 1971-2019 (EJ) 800 600 400 200 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 IEA¹ IEA Accession countries¹ Bunkers² IEA Association countries¹ Other countries¹ Share of world total energy supply by IEA aggregate, 1973 and 2019 1973 IEA Accession countries¹ 0.5% IEA Association countries¹ 12.5% Bunkers² 3.0% Other countries¹ 22.7% IEA¹ 61.3% IEA Accession countries¹ 0.8% 2019 Bunkers² 2.9% Other countries¹ 24.3% IEA¹ 36.1% IEA Association countries¹ 35.9% 254 EJ 606 EJ 1. Please see geographical coverage for the list of IEA Accession, Association and other countries. 2. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 9 Supply Key World Energy Statistics World total energy supply by geographical region World total energy supply by geographical region, 1990-2019 (EJ) 800 600 400 200 0 1990 1995 2000 Americas Europe Asia 2005 2010 2015 2019 Africa Oceania Bunkers¹ Share of world total energy supply by geographical region, 1990 and 2019 1990 Oceania 1.2% Africa 4.4% Asia 29.2% Bunkers¹ 2.3% Americas 29.6% Europe 33.3% 2019 Oceania 1.1% Africa 5.9% Bunkers¹ 2.9% Americas 23.1% Asia 49.4% Europe 17.6% 366 EJ 606 EJ 1. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 10 Key World Energy Statistics Supply OECD total energy supply by region OECD total energy supply1 by region, 1971-2020 (EJ) 250 200 150 100 50 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 OECD Americas OECD Europe OECD Asia and Oceania Share of OECD total energy supply1 by region, 1973 and 2020 1973 2020 OECD Asia and Oceania 11.0% OECD Europe 36.6% OECD Americas 52.4% 157 EJ OECD Europe 31.9% OECD Americas 51.2% OECD Asia and Oceania 16.9% 210 EJ 1. Excludes electricity trade. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 11 Supply Key World Energy Statistics Crude oil production World crude oil1 production by region, 1971-2020 (Mt) 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 OECD Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Non-OECD Asia² Africa Middle East China Non-OECD Americas Share of world crude oil1 production by region, 1973 and 2020 1973 Non- Africa OECD 10.1% Non- Americas OECD 8.2% Asia² 3.2% China 1.9% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 15.7% OECD 24.2% Middle East 36.7% 2020 Non- OECD NonOECD Americas 6.3% Asia² 3.4% China 4.7% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 15.9% Africa 8.0% OECD 30.9% Middle East 30.8% 2 868 Mt 4 141 Mt 1. Includes crude oil, NGL, feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons. 2. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021. 12 Key World Energy Statistics Supply Crude oil production Producers, net exporters and net importers of crude oil1 Producers % of Mt world total United States 706 17.0 Russian Federation 512 12.4 Saudi Arabia 511 12.3 Canada 255 6.2 Iraq 201 4.9 People's Rep. of China 195 4.7 United Arab Emirates 174 4.2 Brazil 153 3.7 Kuwait 131 3.2 Islamic Rep. of Iran 130 3.1 Rest of the world World 1 173 28.3 4 141 100.0 2020 provisional data Net exporters Mt Saudi Arabia 352 Russian Federation 269 Iraq 195 Canada 154 United Arab Emirates 148 Kuwait 102 Nigeria 99 Kazakhstan 70 Angola 63 Mexico 59 Others 531 Total 2 042 2019 data Net importers Mt People's Rep. of China 505 India 227 United States 202 Japan 149 Korea 145 Germany 86 Spain 66 Italy 65 Netherlands 62 Singapore 53 Others 509 Total 2 069 2019 data 1. Includes production of crude oil, NGL, feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons. Excludes liquids from other fuel sources (renewables, coal and natural gas). Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021. 13 Supply Key World Energy Statistics Natural gas production World natural gas production by region, 1971-2020 (billion cubic metres, bcm) 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 OECD Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia China Non-OECD Asia¹ Non-OECD Americas Africa Share of world natural gas production by region, 1973 and 2020 NonOECD Asia¹ Chin1a.0% Non- 0.5% OECD Europe and Eurasia 22.3% Middle East 2.1% 1973 NonOECD Americas 1.6% Africa 0.8% OECD 71.7% 1 224 bcm NonOECD Americas Non- 3.5% OECD Asia¹ 7.4% China 4.8% 2020 Africa 6.1% OECD 38.3% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 23.8% Middle East 16.1% 4 014 bcm 1. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. Sources: IEA, Natural Gas Information, 2021. 14 Key World Energy Statistics Supply Natural gas production Producers, net exporters and net importers1 of natural gas Producers % of bcm world total United States 949 23.6 Russian Federation 722 18.0 Islamic Rep. of Iran 235 5.9 People’s Rep. of China 191 4.8 Canada 184 4.6 Qatar 167 4.2 Australia 148 3.7 Norway 116 2.9 Saudi Arabia 99 2.5 Algeria 92 2.3 Rest of the world World 1 111 27.5 4 014 100.0 2020 provisional data Net exporters bcm Russian Federation 230 Qatar 127 Norway 111 Australia 103 United States 77 Turkmenistan 56 Canada 47 Algeria 41 Nigeria 27 Malaysia 22 Others 176 Total 1 017 2020 provisional data Net importers bcm People’s Rep. of China 125 Japan 105 Germany 83 Italy 66 Mexico 64 Korea 54 Turkey 47 France 37 United Kingdom 34 India 34 Others 324 Total 973 2020 provisional data 1. Net exports and net imports include pipeline gas and LNG. Sources: IEA, Natural Gas Information, 2021. 15 Supply Key World Energy Statistics Coal production World coal1 production by region, 1971-2020 (Mt) 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 OECD Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Non-OECD Asia² Africa Middle East China Non-OECD Americas Share of world coal1 production by region, 1973 and 2020 NonOECD Asia² 3.9% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 24.5% 1973 NonOECD Americas 0.1% Africa 2.2% China 13.6% OECD 55.7% NonOECD Asia² 19.6% 2020 NonOECD Americas 0.1% Africa 3.5% OECD 18.8% China 49.7% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 8.3% 3 074 Mt 7 575 Mt 1. Includes steam coal, coking coal, lignite and recovered coal. 2. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Coal Information, 2021. 16 Key World Energy Statistics Supply Coal production Producers, net exporters and net importers of coal1 Producers Mt People’s Rep. of China 3 764 India 760 Indonesia 564 Australia 493 United States 485 Russian Federation 398 South Africa 247 Germany 107 Poland 101 Kazakhstan 100 Rest of the world 556 World 7 575 2020 provisional data % of world total 49.7 10.0 7.4 6.5 6.4 5.3 3.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 7.4 100.0 Net exporters Indonesia Australia Russian Federation South Africa United States Colombia Mongolia Canada Kazakhstan Mozambique Others Total 2020 provisional data Mt 396 390 Net importers Mt 188 People’s Rep. of China 306 India 210 62 Japan 183 58 Korea 123 30 Chinese Taipei 63 29 Viet Nam 52 26 Turkey 40 24 Malaysia 31 7 Germany 29 2 Thailand 25 1 212 Others 202 Total 1 264 2020 provisional data 1. Includes steam coal, coking coal, lignite and recovered coal. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Coal Information, 2021. 17 Supply Key World Energy Statistics Nuclear electricity production World nuclear electricity production by region, 1971-2019 (TWh) 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 OECD Non-OECD Asia¹ Other ² Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia China Share of world nuclear electricity production by region, 1973 and 2019 NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 5.9% 1973 NonOECD Asia¹ 1.3% OECD 92.8% NonOECD Asia¹ 3.2% 2019 China 12.5% Other ² 1.6% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 11.5% OECD 71.2% 203 TWh 2 790 TWh 1. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. 2. Other includes Africa, Non-OECD Americas and the Middle East. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Electricity Information, 2021. 18 Key World Energy Statistics Supply Nuclear electricity production Producers of nuclear electricity Producers United States France People’s Rep. of China Russian Federation Korea Canada Ukraine Germany Sweden Japan Rest of the world World 2019 data % of TWh world total 843 30.2 399 14.3 348 12.5 209 7.5 146 5.2 101 3.6 83 3.0 75 2.7 66 2.4 64 2.3 456 16.3 2 790 100.0 Net installed capacity United States France People’s Rep. of China Japan Russian Federation Korea Canada Ukraine United Kingdom Germany Rest of the world World 2020 data Source: International Atomic Energy Agency GW 97 61 48 Country % of nuclear in total 32 (top-ten producers) domestic electricity 29 generation 23 France 69.9 14 Ukraine 53.9 13 Sweden 39.3 9 Korea 25.1 8 United States 19.2 60 Russian Federation 18.6 393 Canada 15.7 Germany 12.3 Japan 6.1 People’s Rep. of China 4.6 Rest of the world¹ 9.1 World 10.3 2019 data 1. Excludes countries with no nuclear production. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Electricity Information, 2021. 19 Supply Key World Energy Statistics Hydroelectricity production World hydroelectricity production1 by region, 1971-2019 (TWh) 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 OECD Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Non-OECD Asia² Africa 1995 2000 2005 2010 Middle East China Non-OECD Americas 2015 2019 Share of world hydroelectricity production1 by region, 1973 and 2019 1973 NonOECD Asia² China 4.3% 2.9% NonOECD Americas 6.2% Africa 2.3% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 11.6% Middle East 0.3% OECD 72.4% 1 296 TWh 2019 NonOECD Americas 14.2% NonOECD Asia² 9.4% Africa 3.3% China 30.1% OECD 35.3% Middle East 0.4% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 7.3% 4 329 TWh 1. Includes electricity production from pumped storage. 2. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Renewables Information, 2021. 20 Key World Energy Statistics Supply Hydroelectricity production Producers of hydroelectricity1 Producers % of TWh world total People’s Rep. of China 1 304 30.1 Brazil 398 9.2 Net installed capacity GW Canada 380 8.8 People’s Rep. of China 356 United States 311 7.2 Brazil 110 Russian Federation 197 4.5 United States 103 India 172 4.0 Canada 81 Norway 126 2.9 Russian Federation 54 Turkey 89 2.1 Japan 50 Japan 87 2.0 India 49 Viet Nam 66 1.5 Norway 33 Rest of the world 1 199 27.7 Turkey 29 World 4 329 100.0 France 26 2019 data Rest of the world 417 World 1 308 2019 data Sources: IEA, Renewable Energy Market Update; United Nations Statistics Division. Country (top-ten producers) Norway Brazil Canada Turkey Viet Nam Russian Federation People’s Rep. of China India Japan United States Rest of the world2 World 2019 data % of hydro in total domestic electricity generation 93.4 63.5 58.8 29.2 27.8 17.5 17.4 10.6 8.4 7.1 14.2 16.0 1. Includes electricity production from pumped storage. 2. Excludes countries with no hydro production. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Renewables Information, 2021. 21 Supply Key World Energy Statistics Wind electricity production World wind electricity production by region, 2005-2019 (TWh) 1 500 1 000 500 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 OECD Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Non-OECD Asia¹ Africa Middle East China Non-OECD Americas Share of world wind electricity production by region, 2005 and 2019 Non-OECD Americas 0.7% 2005 Africa 0.8% Non-OECD Asia 1 6.1% China 1.9% Middle East Non-OECD 0.1% Europe and Eurasia 0.1% OECD 90.3% 104 TWh NonOECD Americas 5.1% 2019 Africa 1.2% NonOECD Asia 1 5.7% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 1.0% China 28.4% OECD 58.5% Middle East 0.1% 1 427 TWh 1. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Renewables Information, 2021. 22 Key World Energy Statistics Supply Wind electricity production Producers of wind electricity Producers People’s Rep. of China United States Germany India United Kingdom Brazil Spain France Canada Turkey Rest of the world World 2019 data % of TWh world total 406 28.4 298 20.9 126 8.8 70 4.9 64 4.5 56 3.9 56 3.9 35 2.4 33 2.3 22 1.5 262 18.5 1 427 100.0 Net installed capacity GW People’s Rep. of China 210.3 United States 103.7 Germany 60.9 India 37.7 Spain 25.5 United Kingdom 24.0 France 16.3 Brazil 15.4 Canada 13.4 Italy 10.7 Rest of the world 105.1 World 622.9 2019 data Country (top-ten producers) % of wind in total domestic electricity generation Germany 20.7 Spain 20.4 United Kingdom 19.9 Brazil 8.9 Turkey 7.2 United States 6.8 France 6.1 People’s Rep. of China 5.4 Canada 5.1 India 4.3 Rest of the world1 3.0 World 5.3 2019 data 1. Excludes countries with no wind production. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Renewables Information, 2021; IEA, Renewable Energy Market Update, 2021. 23 Supply Key World Energy Statistics Solar photovoltaic electricity production World solar PV electricity production by region, 2005-2019 (TWh) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 OECD Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia China Non-OECD Asia¹ Non-OECD Americas Africa Share of world solar PV electricity production by region, 2005 and 2019 NonNon- OECD OECD Americas Asia¹ 1.4% 0.6% China 2.2% 2005 Africa 0.4% OECD 95.4% 4 TWh NonOECD Americas Non- 1.7% OECD Asia¹ 10.1% 2019 Africa 1.1% OECD 51.8% China 32.9% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 1.3% Middle East 1.1% 681 TWh 1. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Renewables Information, 2021. 24 Key World Energy Statistics Supply Solar photovoltaic electricity production Producers of solar PV electricity Producers % of TWh world total People’s Rep. of China 224 32.9 United States Japan India Germany Italy Australia 94 13.8 69 10.1 Net installed capacity 51 7.4 People’s Rep. of China 46 6.8 United States 24 3.5 Japan 15 2.2 Germany Korea 13 1.9 India United Kingdom 13 1.9 Italy France 12 1.8 Australia Rest of the world World 2019 data 120 17.7 681 100.0 United Kingdom Korea France Rest of the world World 2019 data GW 205.2 % of 75.7 Country solar PV in total 63.1 (top-ten producers) domestic electricity 49.2 generation 37.6 Italy 8.1 20.9 Germany 7.6 15.9 Japan 6.6 13.6 Australia 5.6 11.2 United Kingdom 4.0 10.5 India 3.1 99.7 People’s Rep. of China 3.0 602.6 Korea 2.2 United States 2.1 France 2.1 Rest of the world1 1.3 World 2.5 2019 data 1. Excludes countries with no solar PV production. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Renewables Information, 2021; IEA, Renewable Energy Market Update, 2021. 25 Transformation Key World Energy Statistics Refining by region World refinery intake1 by region, 1971-2019 (Mt) 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 OECD Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Non-OECD Asia² Africa Middle East China Non-OECD Americas Share of world refinery intake1 by region, 1973 and 2019 1973 Non- NonOECD OECD Asia² Americas China 3.4% 8.5% 1.5% Africa 1.8% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 13.9% OECD 67.2% Middle East 3.7% 2 739 Mt 2019 NonOECD Non- Americas OECD 3.9% Asia² 12.4% Africa 2.4% China 15.7% OECD 47.9% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 8.7% Middle East 9.0% 4 281 Mt 1. Includes crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons. 2. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Oil Information, 2021. 26 Key World Energy Statistics Transformation Refining by region Refinery capacity, net exporters and net importers of oil1 Crude distillation capacity % of kb/cd world total United States 18 384 18.0 People’s Rep. of China 17 045 16.7 Net exporters Mt Russian Federation 6 819 6.7 Saudi Arabia 415 India 5 308 5.2 Russian Federation 398 Net importers Mt Korea 3 525 3.5 Iraq 195 People’s Rep. of China 497 Japan 3 443 3.4 United Arab Emirates 168 India 202 Saudi Arabia 3 249 3.2 Canada 163 Japan 170 Brazil 2 229 2.2 Kuwait 126 Korea 117 Islamic Rep. of Iran 2 193 2.1 Nigeria 77 Germany 106 Germany Kazakhstan 2 022 2.0 74 Singapore 79 Rest of the world World 37 875 37.0 102 092 100.0 Norway Islamic Rep. of Iran 71 France 64 Spain 76 64 2020 data Others 508 United States 63 Total 2 259 Italy 53 2019 data Others 777 Total 2 204 2019 data 1. Includes crude oil and oil products. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Oil Information, 2021. 27 Transformation Key World Energy Statistics Refining by product World refinery output by product, 1971-2019 (Mt) 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 LPG/ethane/naphtha Motor gasoline Aviation fuels Middle distillates¹ Fuel oil Other products² Share of world refinery output by product, 1973 and 2019 1973 Other products² 9.2% LPG/ethane /naphtha 5.8% Fuel oil 33.8% Motor gasoline 21.0% Middle distillates¹ 26.0% Aviation fuels 4.2% Other products² 14.6% 2019 LPG/ethane /naphtha 10.1% Fuel oil 9.5% Middle distillates¹ 33.7% Motor gasoline 24.0% Aviation fuels 8.1% 2 719 Mt 4 159 Mt 1. Includes gas/diesel oil and other kerosene. 2. Includes refinery gas, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke and other oil products. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Oil Information, 2021. 28 Key World Energy Statistics Transformation Refining by product Producers, net exporters and net importers of oil products Producers % of Mt world total United States 833 20.0 People’s Rep. of China 635 15.3 Net exporters Mt Russian Federation 280 6.7 United States 139 India Korea Japan Saudi Arabia Canada Germany Brazil Rest of the world World 2019 data 263 6.3 Russian Federation 129 Net importers Mt 158 3.8 Saudi Arabia 147 3.5 Korea 63 Mexico 28 France 47 28 124 3.0 India 25 Australia 27 99 2.4 Kuwait 24 Singapore 27 98 2.4 Islamic Rep. of Iran 22 Nigeria 21 91 2.2 Netherlands 21 Japan 21 1 431 34.4 United Arab Emirates 20 Germany 20 4 159 100.0 Algeria 18 Hong Kong, China 20 Others 149 Indonesia 20 Total1 638 Brazil 19 2019 data Others 306 Total1 556 2019 data 1. The discrepancy between total net exports and total net imports arises from different data sources and possible misallocation of bunkers into exports for some countries. Sources: IEA, World Energy Statistics, 2021; IEA, Oil Information, 2021. 29 Transformation Key World Energy Statistics Electricity generation by source World electricity generation1 by source, 1971-2019 (TWh) 30 000 25 000 20 000 15 000 10 000 5 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 Fossil thermal Nuclear Hydro Other renewables² Share of world electricity generation1 by source,1973 and 2019 1973 2019 Natural gas 12.1% Oil 24.8% Nuclear 3.3% Hydro 20.9% Non-hydro renewables and waste² Oil 0.6% 2.8% Coal³ 38.3% Natural gas 23.6% Coal³ 36.7% Nuclear 10.4% Hydro 15.7% Non-hydro renewables and waste² 10.8% 6 131 TWh 26 936 TWh 1. Excludes electricity generation from pumped storage. 2. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide/wave/ocean, biofuels, waste, heat and other. 3. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. Sources: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021; IEA, Electricity Information, 2021. 30 Key World Energy Statistics Transformation Electricity generation by source Producers of electricity by source Coal1 TWh People’sRep.ofChina 4 876 India United States Japan Korea South Africa Russian Federation Germany Indonesia Australia Rest of the world World 2019 data 1 181 Oil TWh 1 070 Saudi Arabia 168 329 Mexico 45 246 Iraq 41 222 Japan 36 United States 36 188 Kuwait 28 182 Islamic Rep. of Iran 28 174 Egypt 26 154 Lebanon 20 1 292 Cuba 17 9 914 Rest of the world 302 World 747 2019 data Natural gas TWh United States 1 640 Russian Federation 514 Japan 385 Islamic Rep. of Iran 270 Saudi Arabia 217 People’sRep.ofChina 213 Mexico 193 Egypt 150 Korea 146 Italy 142 Rest of the world 2 476 World 6 346 2019 data Renewables2 TWh People’sRep.ofChina 2 015 United States 767 Brazil 515 Canada 427 India 325 Germany 242 Russian Federation 197 Japan 186 Turkey 132 Norway 131 Rest of the world 2 077 World 7 014 2019 data 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Excludes electricity generation from pumped storage. Sources: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021; IEA, Electricity Information, 2021. 31 Transformation Key World Energy Statistics Electricity generation by region World electricity generation1 by region, 1971-2019 (TWh) 28 000 24 000 20 000 16 000 12 000 8 000 4 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 OECD Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Non-OECD Asia² Africa Middle East China Non-OECD Americas Share of world electricity generation1 by region, 1973 and 2019 China 2.9% 1973 NonOECD Asia² 2.6% NonOECD Americas 2.5% Africa 1.8% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 16.7% Middle East 0.5% OECD 73.0% 6 131 TWh 2019 NonOECD Americas Non- 4.2% OECD Asia² 12.3% Africa 3.2% OECD 41.2% China 27.9% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 6.7% 26 936 TWh Middle East 4.5% 1. Excludes electricity generation from pumped storage. 2. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. Sources: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021; IEA, Electricity Information, 2021. 32 Key World Energy Statistics Transformation Electricity generation by region Producers, net exporters and net importers of electricity Producers1 % of TWh world total People’s Rep. of China 7 472 27.7 United States 4 371 16.2 India 1 624 6.0 Russian Federation 1 120 4.2 Japan 1 037 3.8 Canada 645 2.4 Brazil 626 2.3 Germany 603 2.2 Korea 578 2.1 France 566 2.1 Rest of the world 8 294 31.0 World 26 936 100.0 2019 data Net exporters TWh France 58 Canada 47 Germany 33 Paraguay 32 Sweden 26 Lao People’s. Dem. Rep. 23 Russian Federation 18 People’s Rep. of China 17 Czech Republic 13 Israel 6 Others 63 Total 336 2019 data Net importers TWh United States 39 Italy 38 Brazil 25 Thailand 23 United Kingdom 21 Finland 20 Iraq 14 Hungary 13 Hong Kong, China 12 Argentina 11 Others 116 Total 332 2019 data 1. Gross production minus production from pumped storage plants. Sources: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021; IEA, Electricity Information, 2021. 33 Final consumption Key World Energy Statistics World total final consumption (TFC) by source World1 total final consumption by source, 1971-2019 (EJ) 600 400 200 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 Coal² Biofuels and waste³ Oil Electricity Natural gas Other⁴ Share of world total final consumption by source, 1973 and 2019 1973 Electricity 9.5% Biofuels and waste³ 12.6% Other⁴ 1.7% Coal² 13.6% Natural gas 14.1% Oil 48.5% 194 EJ 2019 Other⁴ 3.6% Coal² 9.5% Biofuels and waste³ 10.4% Electricity 19.7% Natural gas 16.4% Oil 40.4% 418 EJ 1. World includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. 2. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 3. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 4. Includes heat, solar thermal and geothermal. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 34 Key World Energy Statistics Final consumption OECD total final consumption by source OECD total final consumption by source, 1971-2019 (EJ) 200 150 100 50 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 Coal¹ Biofuels and waste Oil Electricity Natural gas Other² Share of OECD total final consumption by source, 1973 and 2019 Biofuels and waste 3.1% 1973 Other² 0.7% Electricity 11.5% Coal¹ 10.8% Natural gas 17.7% Oil 56.2% Other² 1.9% 2019 Coal¹ 2.5% Biofuels and waste 6.0% Electricity 22.0% Natural gas 21.0% Oil 46.6% 118 EJ 159 EJ 1. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Includes heat, solar thermal and geothermal. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 35 Final consumption Key World Energy Statistics World total final consumption by region World total final consumption1 by region, 1971-2019 (EJ) 600 400 200 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 OECD Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Non-OECD Asia² Africa 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 Middle East China Non-OECD Americas Bunkers³ Share of world total final consumption1 by region, 1973 and 2019 O5ANE.so8Cin%aD-² AOm3NEe.o3rCn%icD-as China 7.9% NonOECD Europe and Eurasia 13.6% Middle East 0.7% 1973 Africa 3.6% Bunkers³ 4.0% OECD 61.1% 194 EJ 2019 NonOECD Americas 4.2% Africa Bunkers³ 6.1% 4.2% NonOECD Asia² 13.6% OECD 38.1% China 21.0% Middle Non-OECD East Europe and 5.1% Eurasia 7.7% 418 EJ 1. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 2. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. 3. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 36 Key World Energy Statistics Final consumption OECD total final consumption by region OECD total final consumption by region, 1971-2019 (EJ) 200 150 100 50 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 OECD Americas 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 OECD Europe OECD Asia and Oceania Share of OECD total final consumption by region, 1973 and 2019 1973 2019 OECD Europe 36.2% OECD Asia and Oceania 10.6% OECD Americas 53.2% 118 EJ OECD Asia and Oceania 15.2% OECD Europe 32.9% OECD Americas 51.9% 159 EJ Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 37 Final consumption Key World Energy Statistics Total final consumption by sector: coal1 Coal total final consumption by sector, 1971-2019 (EJ) 50 40 30 20 10 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 Iron and steel Non-metallic minerals Transport Services agriculture and fishing Non-energy use Chemical and petrochemical Other industry Residential Non-specified² Share of coal final consumption by sector, 1973 and 2019 1973 2019 Non-energy use 1.0% Nonspecified² 23.4% Iron and steel 17.5% Chemical and petrochemical 3.8% Services agriculture and fishing 14.6% Residential 19.6% Other industry 10.6% Non-metallic minerals 4.5% Transport 5.0% Non-energy use 5.2% Non- specified² Services 12.1% agriculture and fishing 4.2% Other Residential 6.4% industry 8.9% Iron and steel 34.0% Non-metallic minerals 21.7% Chemical and petrochemical 7.5% 26 EJ 40 EJ 1. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Includes non-specified industry, transport and other. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 38 Key World Energy Statistics Final consumption Total final consumption by sector: oil Oil total final consumption by sector, 1971-2019 (EJ) 160 120 80 40 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 Industry Road Navigation Residential Aviation Rail Other¹ Non-energy use Share of oil final consumption by sector, 1973 and 2019 Nonenergy use 11.6% Residential 10.3% 1973 Industry 20.0% Other¹ 13.4% Navigation 6.8% Rail 1.7% Road 30.8% Aviation 5.4% Nonenergy use 16.7% Residential 5.3% Other¹ 5.4% Navigation 6.7% Rail 0.8% 2019 Industry 7.3% Aviation 8.6% Road 49.2% 94 EJ 169 EJ 1. Includes agriculture, commercial and public services, non-specified other, pipeline and non-specified transport. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 39 Final consumption Key World Energy Statistics Total final consumption by sector: natural gas Natural gas total final consumption by sector, 1971-2019 (EJ) 80 60 40 20 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 Industry Transport Non-energy use Residential Commercial and public services Other¹ Share of natural gas final consumption by sector, 1973 and 2019 1973 Non-energy use 2.8% Commercial and public services 10.8% Other¹ 6.3% Transport 2.7% Residential 22.7% Industry 54.7% 2019 Non-energy use 11.9% Commercial and public services 12.8% Other¹ 0.9% Industry 37.4% Transport 7.3% Residential 29.7% 27 EJ 68 EJ 1. Includes agriculture, fishing and non-specified other. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 40 Key World Energy Statistics Final consumption Total final consumption by sector: electricity Electricity total final consumption by sector, 1971-2019 (EJ) 100 80 60 40 20 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 Industry Residential Commercial and public services Transport Other¹ Share of electricity final consumption by sector, 1973 and 2019 1973 2019 Transport 2.4% Commercial and public services 15.3% Other1 5.8% Residential 23.1% Industry 53.4% Transport 1.8% Commercial and public services 21.2% Other1 8.5% Industry 41.9% Residential 26.6% 18 EJ 82 EJ 1. Includes agriculture, fishing and non-specified other. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 41 Final consumption Key World Energy Statistics Top five countries by total energy supply (TES) Top five countries by total energy supply by sector, 2019 (EJ) People's Rep. of China United States India Russian Federation Japan 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Total final consumption Transformation and other losses Energy industry own use Top five countries by total energy supply by energy source, 2019 (EJ) People's Rep. of China United States India Russian Federation Japan 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Coal¹ Oil Natural gas Renewables Other² 1. In this graph, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Other includes nuclear, electricity trade, heat, non-renewable waste. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 42 Key World Energy Statistics Final consumption Top five countries by total final consumption (TFC) Top five countries by total final consumption by sector, 2019 (EJ) People's Republic of China United States India Russian Federation Japan 0 20 40 60 80 100 Industry Transport Residential Other¹ Non-energy use Industry consumption by sub-sector of top five countries by total final consumption, 2019 (EJ) People's Republic of China United States India Russian Federation Japan 0 10 20 Iron and steel Non-metallic minerals Industry not elsewhere specified 30 40 50 Chemical and petrochemical Paper, pulp and print Other² 1. Other includes commercial and public services, agriculture/forestry, fishing and non-specified. 2. Other includes non-ferrous metals, transport equipment, machinery, mining and quarrying, food and tobacco, wood and wood products, construction, textile and leather. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 43 Energy efficiency Key World Energy Statistics Energy efficiency indicators Largest end uses of energy by sector in selected IEA countries1, 2019 Services 14% Mining 4% Residential space heating 11% Other industries² 8% Residential 20% Manufacturing 23% Basic metals 6% Transport 35% Passenger cars³ 21% . 1. Refers to 2019 data for nineteen IEA countries for which data are available for most end uses: Australia, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Italy, Korea, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States; Canada and Italy include 2018 data. 2. Other industries include agriculture, mining and construction. 3. Passenger cars include cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks. Source: IEA Energy Efficiency Indicators database, 2021 44 Key World Energy Statistics Energy efficiency Energy efficiency indicators Services and manufacturing in selected IEA countries1: energy per value added (MJ/2015 USD PPP) Services Manufacturing of which Basic metals Non-metallic minerals Paper and printing Chemical and petrochemical Machinery 0 2000 2019 5 10 15 20 25 30 MJ/2015 USD PPP Residential in selected IEA countries1: energy per floor area (GJ/m2) Space Heating Space Cooling 2019 2000 Lighting 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 GJ/m2 Passenger transport in selected IEA countries1: energy per passengerkilometre (MJ/pkm) Total Passenger cars² 2019 2000 Buses Passenger Trains 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 MJ/pkm 1. Refers to the sixteen IEA countries for which data are available for most end uses: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. 2. Passenger cars include cars, sport utility vehicles and personal trucks. Source: IEA Energy Efficiency Indicators database, 2021. 45 Energy balances Key World Energy Statistics Simplified energy balance table World energy balance, 1973 (EJ) SUPPLY AND Coal1 Crude oil Oil Natural Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other3 Total CONSUMPTION products gas and waste2 Production 61.713 123.018 - 41.489 2.221 4.618 25.796 0.257 259.111 Imports 5.864 65.394 17.198 3.074 - - 0.005 0.341 91.877 Exports -5.457 -67.533 -18.551 -3.039 - - -0.008 -0.348 -94.936 Stock changes 0.523 -0.824 -0.701 -0.632 - - 0.002 - -1.632 TES 62.643 120.055 -2.053 40.892 2.221 4.618 25.796 0.250 254.421 Transfers - -1.960 2.048 - - - - - 0.087 Statistical diff. 0.042 0.499 -0.234 0.198 - - 0.005 -0.030 0.480 Electricity plants -23.261 -0.942 -13.286 -6.681 -2.217 -4.618 -0.097 21.087 -30.012 CHP plants -3.618 - -1.198 -2.129 -0.004 - -0.039 4.227 -2.761 Heat plants -0.327 - -0.038 -0.029 - - -0.033 0.298 -0.129 Blast furnaces -3.416 - -0.114 - - - -0.002 - -3.532 Gas works 0.412 -0.025 -0.380 -0.259 - - - - -0.251 Coke ovens4 -4.160 - -0.034 -0.008 - - -0.001 - -4.203 Oil refineries - -116.518 115.610 - - - - - -0.908 Petchem. plants - 0.213 -0.225 - - - - - -0.012 Liquefaction plants -0.030 0.010 - - - - - - -0.021 Other transf. - - -0.005 -0.001 - - -1.159 - -1.165 Energy ind. own use -1.463 -0.108 -6.705 -4.457 - - -0.008 -2.414 -15.154 Losses -0.379 -0.296 -0.011 -0.239 - - -0.011 -1.807 -2.742 TFC 26.444 0.927 93.376 27.288 - - 24.452 21.612 194.099 Industry 14.898 0.687 18.140 14.922 - - 3.578 12.009 64.234 Transport5 1.335 - 42.735 0.742 - - 0.010 0.444 45.266 Other 9.958 0.000 21.772 10.855 - - 20.863 9.159 72.608 Non-energy use 0.254 0.240 10.728 0.769 - - - - 11.991 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat and electricity. 4. Also includes patent fuel, BKB and peat briquette plants. 5. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 46 Key World Energy Statistics Energy balances Simplified energy balance table World energy balance, 2019 (EJ) SUPPLY AND Coal1 Crude oil Oil Natural Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other3 Total CONSUMPTION products gas and waste2 Production 167.549 190.442 - 143.639 30.461 15.195 Imports 35.644 102.662 56.858 42.995 - - Exports -37.098 -102.077 -60.177 -44.313 - - Stock changes -3.720 -0.177 -0.167 -1.537 - - TES 162.376 190.851 -3.486 140.784 30.461 15.195 Transfers -0.104 -9.823 11.218 - - - Statistical diff. -1.850 0.839 -0.107 -0.881 - - Electricity plants -72.727 -1.417 -5.727 -38.996 -30.315 -15.195 CHP plants -29.624 -0.000 -0.575 -13.993 -0.146 - Heat plants -1.042 -0.022 -0.359 -2.552 - - Blast furnaces -7.902 - -0.006 -0.001 - - Gas works -0.706 - -0.120 0.254 - - Coke ovens4 -4.138 - -0.086 -0.001 - - Oil refineries - -182.111 178.099 - - - Petchem. plants - 1.501 -1.493 - - - Liquefaction plants -0.953 0.892 - -0.730 - - Other transf. -0.012 0.562 -0.025 -0.999 - - Energy ind. own use -3.433 -0.357 -8.949 -13.438 - - Losses -0.099 -0.317 -0.008 -1.041 - - TFC 39.786 0.599 168.375 68.405 - - Industry 32.571 0.065 12.208 25.700 - - Transport5 0.040 0.000 110.471 4.963 - - Other 5.101 0.001 17.752 29.591 - - Non-energy use 2.074 0.533 27.945 8.152 - - 56.539 13.513 617.338 1.341 2.589 242.089 -1.076 -2.606 -247.347 0.009 - -5.591 56.813 13.496 606.490 -0.000 - 1.291 0.033 0.998 -0.968 -5.156 71.087 -98.445 -3.364 26.012 -21.690 -0.540 4.087 -0.428 -0.002 - -7.912 -0.040 - -0.612 -0.005 - -4.230 - - -4.012 - - 0.009 - - -0.791 -3.637 -0.024 -4.135 -0.680 -10.182 -37.039 -0.008 -8.082 -9.554 43.415 97.392 417.973 9.895 40.540 120.979 3.987 1.510 120.972 29.533 55.342 137.319 - - 38.703 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat and electricity. 4. Also includes patent fuel, BKB and peat briquette plants. 5. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 47 Energy balances Key World Energy Statistics Simplified energy balance table OECD energy balance, 1973 (EJ) SUPPLY AND Coal1 Crude Oil Natural Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other3 Total CONSUMPTION oil products gas and waste2 Production 34.371 30.160 - 29.636 2.060 3.333 Imports 5.105 53.487 14.077 2.620 - - Exports -4.654 -2.719 -7.297 -2.110 - - Intl. marine bunkers - - -3.094 - - - Intl. aviation bunkers - - -1.042 - - - Stock changes 0.611 -0.445 -0.477 -0.505 - - TES 35.434 80.482 2.168 29.640 2.060 3.333 Transfers - -1.728 1.779 - - - Statistical diff. 0.619 0.468 0.107 -0.235 - - Electricity plants -16.247 -0.863 -9.577 -4.548 -2.056 -3.333 CHP plants -2.180 - -0.330 -0.487 -0.004 - Heat plants -0.327 - -0.038 -0.029 - - Blast furnaces -2.746 - -0.114 - - - Gas works 0.462 -0.025 -0.365 -0.267 - - Coke ovens4 -1.082 - -0.028 -0.008 - - Oil refineries - -78.476 78.574 - - - Petchem. plants - 0.204 -0.216 - - - Liquefaction plants - 0.001 - - - - Other transf. - - -0.005 -0.001 - - Energy ind. own use -1.027 -0.041 -5.407 -3.069 - - Losses -0.162 - -0.010 -0.110 - - TFC 12.743 0.022 66.539 20.885 - - Industry 7.691 0.022 13.153 10.497 - - Transport 0.307 - 27.981 0.712 - - Other 4.614 - 16.528 9.442 - - Non-energy use 0.130 - 8.878 0.234 - - 3.798 0.257 103.615 0.001 0.316 75.606 -0.001 -0.293 -17.073 - - -3.094 - - -1.042 0.002 - -0.813 3.801 0.279 157.198 - - 0.051 - -0.002 0.958 -0.060 15.308 -21.376 -0.031 1.295 -1.738 -0.033 0.298 -0.129 - - -2.860 - - -0.196 -0.001 - -1.120 - - 0.098 - - -0.012 - - 0.001 -0.001 - -0.007 -0.003 -1.399 -10.946 - -1.285 -1.567 3.672 14.495 118.355 1.778 7.104 40.245 - 0.222 29.222 1.894 7.169 39.647 - - 9.241 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat and electricity. 4. Also includes patent fuel, BKB and peat briquette plants. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 48 Key World Energy Statistics Energy balances Simplified energy balance table OECD energy balance, 2019 (EJ) SUPPLY AND Coal1 Crude Oil Natural Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other3 Total CONSUMPTION oil products gas and waste2 Production 35.907 56.795 - 54.791 21.665 5.260 Imports 14.260 57.896 27.462 29.628 - - Exports -16.598 -25.150 -29.415 -17.770 - - Intl. marine bunkers - - -3.445 -0.008 - - Intl. aviation bunkers - - -4.671 - - - Stock changes -1.335 0.029 -0.107 -1.093 - - TES 32.234 89.569 -10.177 65.548 21.665 5.260 Transfers - -4.123 4.939 - - - Statistical diff. -0.396 0.636 0.574 -1.203 - - Electricity plants -21.885 -0.020 -1.445 -19.039 -21.540 -5.260 CHP plants -2.357 - -0.413 -4.753 -0.125 - Heat plants -0.135 - -0.034 -0.332 - - Blast furnaces -2.122 - -0.001 -0.001 - - Gas works -0.095 - -0.109 0.167 - - Coke ovens4 -0.490 - -0.027 -0.001 - - Oil refineries - -87.502 85.889 - - - Petchem. plants - 1.351 -1.344 - - - Liquefaction plants -0.058 0.053 - -0.022 - - Other transf. -0.006 0.460 - -0.445 - - Energy ind. own use -0.666 -0.004 -4.277 -6.289 - - Losses -0.027 - - -0.294 - - TFC 3.997 0.420 73.573 33.336 - - Industry 3.272 0.001 3.664 11.734 - - Transport 0.001 - 49.423 1.402 - - Other 0.585 - 6.927 18.282 - - Non-energy use 0.139 0.419 13.560 1.918 - - 13.767 6.494 194.678 1.240 1.779 132.264 -0.811 -1.773 -91.517 -0.011 - -3.464 - - -4.671 0.006 - -2.501 14.190 6.500 224.789 - - 0.815 0.039 0.015 -0.335 -2.213 30.357 -41.045 -2.152 6.132 -3.668 -0.323 0.695 -0.129 - - -2.125 -0.040 - -0.077 -0.005 - -0.523 - - -1.613 - - 0.007 - - -0.027 -0.012 -0.024 -0.027 -0.036 -3.263 -14.535 -0.004 -2.592 -2.918 9.445 37.819 158.590 3.466 12.101 34.238 2.481 0.430 53.737 3.499 25.287 54.580 - - 16.035 1. In this table, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Data for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated for a number of countries. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat and electricity. 4. Also includes patent fuel, BKB and peat briquette plants. Source: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. 49 Prices Key World Energy Statistics Crude oil Average key crude oil spot prices in USD/barrel, June 1995-June 2021 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Jun-95 Jun-97 Jun-99 Jun-01 Jun-03 Jun-05 Jun-07 Jun-09 Jun-11 Jun-13 Jun-15 Jun-17 Jun-19 Jun-21 North Sea Dubai WTI Oil products Average Rotterdam oil product spot prices in USD/barrel, June 1995-June 2021 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Jun-95 Jun-97 Jun-99 Jun-01 Jun-03 Jun-05 Jun-07 Jun-09 Jun-11 Jun-13 Jun-15 Jun-17 Jun-19 Jun-21 HFO Gasoil Gasoline Source for spot prices: Based on Argus. Copyright © 2021 Argus Media Ltd - All rights reserved. Source: IEA, Energy Prices, 2021. 50 Key World Energy Statistics Coal Prices Average steam coal prices for electricity generation in USD/tonne, 1990-2020 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Poland United States Japan Korea Natural gas Average natural gas import prices in USD/MBtu, 1990-2020 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Japan¹ USA² Belgium² Germany² Spain² 1. LNG. 2. Pipeline. Source: IEA, Energy Prices, 2021; IEA, Natural Gas Information, 2021. 51 Prices Key World Energy Statistics Energy prices1 in selected OECD countries in USD/unit Country Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States Heavy fuel oil for Light fuel oil for industry2 households (tonne) (1 000 litres) .. 518.35 483.09 .. .. .. c 828.52 .. .. 664.39 .. 562.86 642.71 .. 677.76 c .. 591.07 552.53 .. 409.53 .. .. 651.19 362.58 .. 475.56 799.05 461.87 .. 528.31 989.31 .. 546.84 c 455.80 .. 796.86 658.43 745.58 809.04 .. 815.95 1 620.88 981.75 1 100.88 993.63 744.50 1 098.13 x .. 735.20 1 179.17 .. 804.99 789.85 805.90 607.84 695.48 x 1 326.78 .. .. 851.44 1 345.14 .. 1 080.24 746.17 .. 843.11 794.79 727.95 755.93 Automotive diesel oil3 (litre) .. 1.170 1.370 0.740 .. .. 1.080 1.250 1.140 1.400 1.350 1.310 1.230 1.100 .. 1.260 c .. 0.950 .. 1.100 1.060 1.140 .. 1.340 0.650 1.370 1.050 1.440 1.150 1.130 1.110 .. 1.340 0.900 1.440 0.770 Unleaded premium4 (litre) 1.150 1.400 1.630 1.080 1.070 .. 1.350 1.840 1.540 1.860 1.760 1.740 1.830 1.350 .. 1.640 1.800 .. 1.340 1.540 1.450 1.360 1.460 .. 2.020 1.590 1.820 1.290 1.800 1.560 1.310 1.480 .. 1.700 0.990 1.660 0.780 1. Prices are for 1st quarter 2021 oil products, and annual 2020 for other products. 2. Low sulphur fuel oil. High sulphur fuel oil only for Canada, Ireland, Lithuania, Mexico, New Zealand, Turkey and the United States. 3. For commercial purposes. 4. Unleaded premium gasoline (95 RON); unleaded regular for Japan. Source: IEA, Energy Prices, 2021. 52 Key World Energy Statistics Prices Energy prices1 in selected OECD countries in USD/unit Nat. gas for industry (MWh GCV5) .. 29.29 22.64 9.87 c 13.86 29.12 29.09 27.33 .. 37.78 26.40 .. 22.97 .. 43.38 c .. .. 39.84 27.26 23.68 23.71 .. 25.92 16.67 x 20.61 29.93 30.26 31.52 25.87 38.08 64.94 23.56 25.46 10.86 Nat. gas for households (MWh GCV5) .. 76.81 57.41 24.86 101.98 41.87 68.06 85.40 48.87 .. 87.87 77.67 .. 35.74 .. 85.93 x .. .. 55.12 43.18 42.22 43.79 .. 108.53 91.99 x 48.99 89.35 60.67 64.58 98.91 116.80 102.50 26.06 53.13 35.77 Steam coal for industry6 (tonne) .. 199.02 93.15 .. .. .. c .. .. 302.60 .. .. x x .. .. x .. 93.13 .. .. .. x x .. c .. 84.92 c .. c .. c 86.30 67.07 115.77 64.85 Electricity for Electricity for industry households (MWh) (MWh) .. 118.56 137.63 89.70 164.56 95.18 111.12 77.12 93.34 77.97 124.63 173.38 .. 78.27 .. 126.62 .. .. 161.86 94.33 124.29 105.00 84.84 .. 111.68 99.29 20.15 107.48 127.72 147.55 100.16 117.11 62.96 126.14 102.61 157.19 66.61 209.78 236.69 313.53 109.02 180.38 148.48 203.12 306.67 143.15 207.46 214.98 344.66 .. 115.45 .. 261.31 .. .. 255.21 103.95 187.01 154.95 217.94 .. 162.25 190.10 82.58 169.46 242.29 197.72 173.19 274.80 174.04 224.36 102.68 235.35 131.96 Country Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States 5. Gross calorific value. 6. Brown coal for Turkey. Note: not available; x not applicable; c confidential Source: IEA, Energy Prices, 2021. 53 Emissions Key World Energy Statistics CO2 emissions by fuel World1 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion2 by fuel, 1971-2019 (Mt of CO2) 35 000 30 000 25 000 20 000 15 000 10 000 5 000 0 1971 1975 1980 Coal³ 1985 1990 Oil 1995 2000 2005 Natural gas 2010 2015 2019 Other⁴ Fuel share of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion2, 1973 and 2019 1973 Natural gas 14.4% Other⁴ 0.0% Oil 49.9% Coal³ 35.7% Natural gas 21.6% 2019 Other⁴ 0.7% Oil 33.7% Coal³ 44.0% 15 461 Mt of CO2 33 622 Mt of CO2 1. World includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. 2. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion are based on the IEA World energy balances and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, and exclude emissions from non-energy use. 3. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 4. Includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. Source: IEA, CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2021. 54 Key World Energy Statistics Emissions CO2 emissions by region World1 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion2 by region, 1971-2019 (Mt of CO2) 35 000 30 000 25 000 20 000 15 000 10 000 5 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 OECD Non-OECD Americas Africa Middle East China Non-OECD Asia³ Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Bunkers Share of world CO2 emissions from fuel combustion2 by region, 1973 and 2019 1973 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 15.9% Middle East 0.8% Africa 1.9% NonOECD Asia³ 3.0% Non- OECD Americas 2.3% China 5.7% Bunkers 3.7% OECD 66.7% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 7.6% 2019 Middle East 5.2% Bunkers 3.9% Africa 3.8% NonOECD Asia³ 13.6% NonOECD Americas 2.8% OECD 33.6% China 29.5% 15 461 Mt of CO2 33 622 Mt of CO2 1. World includes international aviation and marine bunkers, which are shown together as Bunkers. 2. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion are based on the IEA World Energy Balances and on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, and exclude emissions from non-energy. 3. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. Source: IEA, CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2021 55 RD&D Key World Energy Statistics Research, development and demonstration (RD&D) Billion USD (2020 prices and PPPs) IEA total1 public energy technology RD&D budget, 1975-2020 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 IEA total public energy RD&D budget by technology, 1974-2020 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1974 1980 1990 Energy efficiency Renewable energy Other power and storage Nuclear 2000 2010 2020 Fossil fuels Hydrogen and fuel cells Cross-cutting 1. Data refer to total public energy RD&D expenditures, converted from current prices in national currencies. All IEA member countries are included, based on available or estimated data. The 2009 peak is mainly the result of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (stimulus) spending. Source: IEA Energy Technology RD&D Budgets database, 2021. 56 Key World Energy Statistics RD&D Research, development and demonstration (RD&D) Public energy RD&D budgets by country for IEA members and the European Union1, latest available year 12% 2% 3% 3% 5% 5% 7% 7% 9% 35% 12% United States Japan European Union France Germany United Kingdom Canada Korea Italy Norway Other IEA 2019 and 2020 budgets by technology in selected IEA countries and the European Union Billion USD (2020 prices and PPPs) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 United States Japan European Germany Other IEA Union (estimated) Unallocated Cross-cutting Other power and storage Hydrogen and fuel cells Nuclear Renewable energy Fossil fuels Energy efficiency 1. The amounts shown are based on 2020 energy RD&D budgets for: Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States and the European Union. The amounts shown are based on 2019 energy RD&D budgets for: Australia, Austria, Finland, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain and the United Kingdom. For the other countries, data refer to 2018. Data for the United States were estimated by IEA Secretariat. European Union refers to the European Union budget under Horizon 2020, and not to the sum of national budgets of European Union member countries. Source: IEA, Energy Technology RD&D Budgets database, 2021. 57 Outlook Key World Energy Statistics Outlook for world total energy supply (TES) to 2040 Total energy supply outlook by fuel and scenario, 2000-2040 (PJ) 800 000 700 000 600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 0 2000 2019 STEPS SDS STEPS SDS STEPS SDS 2025 2030 2040 Coal¹ Oil² Natural gas² Nuclear Hydro Bioenergy Other³ STEPS: Stated Policies Scenario SDS: Sustainable Development Scenario⁴ Incorporates existing energy policies as well as an Outlines an integrated approach to achieving assessment of the results likely to stem from the internationally agreed objectives on climate change, implementation of announced policy intentions. air quality and universal access to modern energy. Total final consumption by sector and scenario, 2040 Stated Policies Scenario Non-energy use 9.8% Buildings & agriculture 31.6% Industry 30.1% Transport 28.5% Sustainable Development Scenario Nonenergy use 11.7% Buildings & agriculture 30.8% Industry 30.6% Transport 26.9% 515 848 PJ 390 390 PJ 1. In these graphs, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal. 2. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. 3. Includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide, etc. 4. For more information: http://www.iea.org/weo/weomodel/sds/. Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2020. 58 Key World Energy Statistics Outlook Outlook for world total energy supply (TES) to 2040 Total energy supply outlook by region and scenario, 2000-2040 (PJ) 800 000 700 000 600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 0 2000 2019 STEPS SDS STEPS SDS STEPS SDS OECD Non-OECD Asia¹ Middle East Non-OECD Americas 2025 2030 2040 China Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Africa Bunkers² STEPS: Stated Policies Scenario SDS: Sustainable Development Scenario4 Incorporates existing energy policies as well as an Outlines an integrated approach to achieving assessment of the results likely to stem from the internationally agreed objectives on climate change, implementation of announced policy intentions. air quality and universal access to modern energy. Share of CO2 emissions3 by region and scenario, 2040 Stated Policies Scenario Sustainable Development Scenario Non-OECD Americas 3.7% Africa 5.4% Bunkers² 5.3% Non-OECD Asia¹ 20.3% China 27.4% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 7.5% OECD 23.3% Middle East 7.1% Non-OECD Americas 4.2% Africa 7.5% Bunkers² 6.6% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 9.6% Middle East 8.7% Non-OECD Asia¹ 20.7% China 20.9% OECD 21.8% 33 274 Mt of CO2 14 704 Mt of CO2 1. Non-OECD Asia excludes China. 2. Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. 3. CO2 emissions are from fossil fuel combustion only. 4. For more information: http://www.iea.org/weo/weomodel/sds/. Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2020. 59 Energy indicators Key World Energy Statistics Selected indicators for 2019 Region / Country / Economy Popu- GDP GDP Energy Net TES Elec. CO2 lation (PPP) prod. imports cons.1 emissions2 (million) (billion (billion (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) (TWh) (Mt of CO2) 2015 USD) 2015 USD) World 7 666 84 165 127 207 617 338 - 606 490 (3) 25 027 33 622 (4) OECD 1 357 51 300 58 478 194 678 40 747 224 789 10 549 11 318 Middle East 243 2 219 4 806 82 850 -50 288 31 146 1 060 1 754 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 341 China 1 405 Non-OECD Asia 2 563 Non-OECD Americas 449 Africa 1 308 2 545 14 651 7 174 3 717 2 614 6 647 23 479 20 958 6 483 6 421 84 853 113 854 65 436 25 972 49 696 -34 178 48 871 32 839 142 493 20 537 82 273 -1 674 23 447 -13 242 35 882 1 604 2 548 7 202 9 919 2 927 4 575 953 942 732 1 263 Albania 2.9 13.0 38.3 72 32 97 6.6 4.0 Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia 43.1 177.4 510.1 6 213 -3 555 2 637 71.5 142.4 31.8 109.8 193.3 3 370 -2 760 624 13.7 18.8 44.9 570.5 831.8 3 273 88 3 326 129.4 162.2 3.0 12.9 35.6 39 107 142 6.2 5.9 Australia 25.4 1 338.6 1 209.0 18 623 -12 727 5 390 251.1 380.7 Austria 8.9 415.0 468.3 502 1 043 1 398 74.1 63.0 Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium 10.0 53.5 145.2 2 516 -1 828 667 22.5 34.1 1.6 34.7 69.9 1 009 -344 646 33.0 32.6 163.0 261.5 744.8 1 325 533 1 833 81.8 89.3 9.5 58.9 178.7 183 925 1 084 35.4 55.4 11.5 492.9 555.4 662 2 086 2 298 88.3 90.2 Benin 11.8 14.2 38.0 121 102 221 1.3 7.1 Bolivia 11.5 38.2 89.7 734 -345 384 8.9 20.9 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.3 18.2 46.2 226 83 302 12.5 20.7 Botswana 2.3 16.7 38.1 71 40 110 3.7 7.2 Brazil 211.1 1 809.8 3 027.5 13 059 -478 12 255 545.6 411.0 Brunei Darussalam 0.4 13.3 26.6 639 -456 171 4.4 6.6 Bulgaria 7.0 58.0 150.7 488 302 768 35.7 38.0 Cambodia 16.5 23.7 69.2 162 187 338 10.6 12.9 Cameroon 25.9 36.3 89.1 544 -135 409 6.6 6.5 Canada 37.6 1 690.1 1 731.8 22 424 -9 627 12 795 564.6 571.0 Chile 19.0 262.8 439.5 572 1 199 1 732 81.0 90.5 1. Electricity consumption = Gross production + imports – exports – losses. 2. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEA World Energy Balances and the Revised 2006 IPCC Guidelines, and exclude emissions from non-energy use. 3. TES for world includes international aviation and international marine bunkers as well as electricity and heat trade. 4. CO2 emissions for world include emissions from international aviation and international marine bunkers. 60 Key World Energy Statistics Energy indicators Selected indicators for 2019 TES/ TES/ TES/ Elec. CO2/ pop. GDP GDP(PPP) cons./pop. TES (GJ/capita) (GJ/000 (GJ/000 (kWh/ (tCO2/TJ) 2015 USD) 2015 USD) capita) CO2/ pop. (tCO2/ capita) CO2/ CO2/GDP GDP (PPP) (kgCO2/ (kgCO2/ 2015 USD) 2015 USD) Region / Country / Economy 79.1 7.21 4.77 3 265 55.44 4.39 0.4 0.26 World 165.6 4.38 3.84 7 773 50.35 8.34 0.22 0.19 OECD 128.1 14.04 6.48 4 359 56.32 7.22 0.79 0.37 Middle East 143.4 19.2 7.35 4 706 52.13 7.48 1 0.38 Non-OECD Europeand Eurasia 101.4 9.73 6.07 5 125 69.61 7.06 0.68 0.42 China 32.1 11.47 3.93 1 142 55.61 1.79 0.64 0.22 Non-OECD Asia 52.2 6.31 3.62 2 121 40.17 2.1 0.25 0.15 Non-OECD Americas 27.4 13.72 5.59 560 35.19 0.97 0.48 0.2 Africa 34.2 7.50 2.54 2 298 41.54 1.42 0.31 0.11 Albania 61.3 14.87 5.17 1 660 53.98 3.31 0.80 0.28 Algeria 19.6 5.69 3.23 431 30.05 0.59 0.17 0.10 Angola 74.0 5.83 4.00 2 879 48.77 3.61 0.28 0.20 Argentina 48.1 11.06 4.00 2 087 41.12 1.98 0.45 0.16 Armenia 212.5 4.03 4.46 9 897 70.64 15.01 0.28 0.31 Australia 157.5 3.37 2.99 8 342 45.06 7.10 0.15 0.13 Austria 66.6 12.48 4.60 2 244 51.03 3.40 0.64 0.23 Azerbaijan 393.5 18.60 9.24 20 132 50.48 19.86 0.94 0.47 Bahrain 11.2 7.01 2.46 502 48.70 0.55 0.34 0.12 Bangladesh 114.5 18.41 6.07 3 741 51.10 5.85 0.94 0.31 Belarus 200.0 4.66 4.14 7 686 39.25 7.85 0.18 0.16 Belgium 18.7 15.58 5.81 106 32.09 0.60 0.50 0.19 Benin 33.3 10.04 4.27 777 54.35 1.81 0.55 0.23 Bolivia 91.5 16.62 6.54 3 786 68.50 6.27 1.14 0.45 Bosnia and Herzegovina 47.9 6.63 2.90 1 610 65.67 3.15 0.44 0.19 Botswana 58.1 6.77 4.05 2 585 33.54 1.95 0.23 0.14 Brazil 394.6 12.87 6.41 10 244 38.56 15.22 0.50 0.25 Brunei Darussalam 110.0 13.24 5.09 5 121 49.53 5.45 0.66 0.25 Bulgaria 20.5 14.25 4.89 640 38.02 0.78 0.54 0.19 Cambodia 15.8 11.26 4.58 256 15.92 0.25 0.18 0.07 Cameroon 340.3 7.57 7.39 15 018 44.63 15.19 0.34 0.33 Canada 91.0 6.59 3.94 4 254 52.26 4.75 0.34 0.21 Chile 61 Energy indicators Key World Energy Statistics Selected indicators for 2019 Region / Country / Economy Popu- GDP GDP Energy Net TES lation (PPP) prod. imports (million) (billion (billion (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) 2015 USD) 2015 USD) Elec. CO2 cons.1 emissions2 (TWh) (Mt of CO2) China (People's Rep. of) Colombia Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao3 Cyprus3 Czech Republic DPR Korea Dem. Rep. of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Guatemala Guyana Haiti 1 397.7 48.9 5.4 5.0 25.7 4.1 11.3 0.2 0.9 10.7 25.7 86.8 5.8 10.7 17.4 100.4 6.5 1.4 4.9 1.3 112.1 5.5 67.5 2.2 3.7 83.1 30.4 0.0 10.7 16.6 0.8 11.3 14 317.8 321.7 8.2 62.2 60.2 55.9 94.2 1.8 23.7 214.1 29.8 44.5 337.7 89.3 101.7 402.1 25.8 10.0 5.1 27.5 89.6 255.3 2 616.8 15.4 17.8 3 586.2 61.5 1.5 203.7 70.5 3.7 9.0 23 035.6 684.1 15.6 91.2 141.9 109.1 292.6 1.7 32.2 407.1 111.7 81.0 311.0 190.2 183.7 1 286.1 52.8 21.4 13.3 46.1 231.8 253.5 2 916.5 30.6 53.6 4 153.9 180.4 1.3 301.5 144.6 7.4 18.8 113 848 5 329 845 112 436 163 200 1 7 1 124 606 1 285 512 45 1 299 3 922 82 588 27 226 1 679 805 5 493 638 46 4 371 702 0 252 401 6 147 31 550 -3 360 -700 121 20 208 218 99 113 735 47 -12 292 384 -639 144 117 -501 11 10 228 607 5 043 -436 172 8 687 -221 185 809 261 37 44 141 903 1 844 136 222 445 359 401 32 95 1 790 653 1 267 670 412 644 4 027 191 85 37 219 1 875 1 395 10 152 195 214 12 323 468 11 924 609 41 190 7 154.3 75.0 2.0 10.5 7.6 17.2 17.3 0.8 5.0 69.6 11.4 9.1 33.7 17.3 26.2 160.4 6.6 1.5 0.4 9.3 10.7 86.0 475.1 2.4 12.3 548.9 13.5 0.2 54.9 11.2 0.9 0.4 9 876.5 74.9 3.7 7.5 10.7 15.3 25.2 2.2 6.4 94.3 53.4 2.2 28.4 25.2 35.4 225.5 7.4 4.8 0.8 9.9 14.8 40.1 293.9 2.4 9.3 644.1 18.2 0.7 56.6 17.8 2.7 3.2 1. Electricity consumption = Gross production + imports – exports – losses. 2. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEA Energy Balances and the Revised 2006 IPCC Guidelines, and exclude emissions from non-energy use. 3. Please refer to geographical coverage section for more detail. 62 Key World Energy Statistics Energy indicators Selected indicators for 2019 TES/ TES/ TES/ Elec. CO2/ pop. GDP GDP(PPP) cons./pop. TES (GJ/capita) (GJ/000 (GJ/000 (kWh/ (tCO2/TJ) 2015USD) 2015 USD) capita) CO2/ pop. (tCO2/ capita) CO2/ CO2/GDP GDP (PPP) (kgCO2/ (kgCO2/ 2015 USD) 2015 USD) Region / Country / Economy 101.5 9.91 6.16 5 119 69.60 7.07 0.69 0.43 China (People's Rep. of) 37.7 5.73 2.70 1 533 40.60 1.53 0.23 0.11 Colombia 25.2 16.48 8.70 374 26.97 0.68 0.44 0.23 Republic of the Congo 43.9 3.57 2.43 2 089 33.81 1.49 0.12 0.08 Costa Rica 17.3 7.39 3.13 294 24.15 0.42 0.18 0.08 Côte d'Ivoire 88.3 6.43 3.29 4 237 42.69 3.77 0.27 0.14 Croatia 35.4 4.25 1.37 1 524 62.82 2.22 0.27 0.09 Cuba 203.5 17.39 19.38 4 954 67.52 13.74 1.17 1.31 Curaçao1 108.2 4.01 2.95 5 659 67.55 7.31 0.27 0.20 Cyprus1 167.8 8.36 4.40 6 527 52.68 8.84 0.44 0.23 Czech Republic 25.4 21.94 5.84 445 81.84 2.08 1.80 0.48 DPR Korea 14.6 28.47 15.64 105 1.75 0.03 0.05 0.03 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 115.1 1.98 2.15 5 798 42.33 4.87 0.08 0.09 Denmark 38.3 4.61 2.16 1 609 61.21 2.35 0.28 0.13 Dominican Republic 37.1 6.33 3.51 1 506 54.89 2.03 0.35 0.19 Ecuador 40.1 10.02 3.13 1 597 55.99 2.25 0.56 0.18 Egypt 29.6 7.42 3.62 1 020 38.72 1.15 0.29 0.14 El Salvador 62.7 8.48 3.98 1 138 56.39 3.54 0.48 0.22 Equatorial Guinea 7.7 7.29 2.81 87 20.48 0.16 0.15 0.06 Eritrea 165.6 7.98 4.76 6 998 45.02 7.46 0.36 0.21 Estonia 16.7 20.94 8.09 96 7.87 0.13 0.16 0.06 Ethiopia 252.7 5.47 5.50 15 568 28.76 7.27 0.16 0.16 Finland 150.5 3.88 3.48 7 043 28.95 4.36 0.11 0.10 France 89.5 12.65 6.35 1 107 12.57 1.13 0.16 0.08 Gabon 57.4 12.01 3.99 3 312 43.62 2.50 0.52 0.17 Georgia 148.3 3.44 2.97 6 606 52.27 7.75 0.18 0.16 Germany 15.4 7.62 2.60 444 38.76 0.60 0.30 0.10 Ghana 326.4 7.31 8.48 6 266 64.57 21.08 0.47 0.55 Gibraltar 86.2 4.54 3.07 5 118 61.29 5.28 0.28 0.19 Greece 36.7 8.64 4.21 672 29.29 1.07 0.25 0.12 Guatemala 52.2 11.11 5.53 1 139 65.71 3.43 0.73 0.36 Guyana 16.9 21.08 10.09 37 17.07 0.29 0.36 0.17 Haiti 1. Please refer to geographical coverage section for more detail. 63 Energy indicators Key World Energy Statistics Selected indicators for 2019 Region / Country / Economy Popu- GDP GDP Energy Net TES lation (PPP) prod. imports (million) (billion (billion (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) 2015 USD) 2015 USD) Elec. CO2 cons.1 emissions2 (TWh) (Mt of CO2) Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Ireland Israel3 Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kosovo3 Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People’s Dem. Rep. Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Moldova 9.7 7.5 9.8 0.4 1 366.4 270.6 82.9 39.3 4.9 9.1 60.3 2.9 126.1 10.1 18.5 52.6 51.7 1.8 4.2 6.5 7.2 1.9 6.9 6.8 2.8 0.6 32.0 0.5 1.3 125.8 2.7 24.3 333.5 147.0 20.8 2 716.8 1 049.3 409.0 207.0 371.9 345.5 1 914.7 14.9 4 592.1 41.2 211.1 79.6 1 634.9 7.6 114.2 7.9 18.3 30.6 47.3 40.5 48.0 64.9 363.7 13.5 13.5 1 254.4 9.1 51.0 443.3 309.7 19.4 9 247.0 3 227.4 1 133.2 431.1 413.9 342.3 2 336.2 26.7 5 372.1 93.7 466.5 200.1 2 156.3 20.1 180.6 29.8 52.9 55.4 93.3 114.0 97.1 66.3 906.1 20.3 28.1 2 387.2 30.9 114 6 461 223 24 290 19 695 14 718 10 428 171 336 1 441 9 2 086 26 6 989 945 2 025 77 6 786 100 289 118 11 3 225 83 10 4 099 1 9 6 250 29 132 1 289 779 43 15 303 -9 648 -3 199 -8 092 429 652 5 128 141 15 788 379 -3 907 297 10 333 34 -5 225 65 -49 91 362 -2 295 252 181 -120 129 93 1 472 141 240 590 1 116 252 39 270 10 092 11 424 2 313 571 908 6 237 128 17 388 386 3 060 1 209 11 731 112 1 553 168 237 188 362 916 319 165 3 847 30 62 7 692 167 7.6 47.6 43.4 19.0 1 349.3 271.7 284.8 51.5 29.3 63.6 314.2 3.3 1 000.9 18.4 96.7 8.3 562.5 5.2 68.4 12.6 6.2 7.1 19.4 27.4 12.4 7.6 163.0 2.6 3.1 305.0 5.8 9.5 42.6 45.4 1.6 2 310.0 583.4 583.5 138.2 33.9 60.9 309.3 8.1 1 056.2 22.8 205.0 20.1 585.7 8.6 89.4 9.3 17.2 7.0 25.5 45.9 11.2 9.1 236.6 1.7 4.2 419.4 8.3 1. Electricity consumption = Gross production + imports – exports – losses. 2. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEA Energy Balances and the Revised 2006 IPCC Guidelines, and exclude emissions from non-energy use. 3. Please refer to geographical coverage section for more detail. 64 Key World Energy Statistics Energy indicators Selected indicators for 2019 TES/ TES/ TES/ Elec. CO2/ pop. GDP GDP(PPP) cons./pop. TES (GJ/capita) (GJ/000 (GJ/000 (kWh/ (tCO2/TJ) 2015 USD) 2015 USD) capita) CO2/ pop. (tCO2/ capita) CO2/ CO2/GDP GDP (PPP) (kgCO2/ (kgCO2/ 2015 USD) 2015 USD) Region / Country / Economy 24.6 9.87 4.71 782 39.37 0.97 0.39 0.19 Honduras 78.6 1.77 1.33 6 338 72.27 5.68 0.13 0.10 Hong Kong, China 114.2 7.59 3.60 4 446 40.64 4.64 0.31 0.15 Hungary 697.4 12.08 13.00 52 514 6.50 4.53 0.08 0.08 Iceland 28.7 14.45 4.25 987 58.82 1.69 0.85 0.25 India 37.3 9.62 3.13 1 004 57.81 2.16 0.56 0.18 Indonesia 137.8 27.93 10.08 3 435 51.08 7.04 1.43 0.51 Islamic Rep. of Iran 58.8 11.17 5.37 1 310 59.74 3.52 0.67 0.32 Iraq 115.9 1.54 1.38 5 949 59.30 6.87 0.09 0.08 Ireland 100.3 2.63 2.65 7 024 67.05 6.73 0.18 0.18 Israel1 103.4 3.26 2.67 5 207 49.60 5.13 0.16 0.13 Italy 43.5 8.60 4.80 1 114 62.83 2.73 0.54 0.30 Jamaica 137.8 3.79 3.24 7 935 60.74 8.37 0.23 0.20 Japan 38.3 9.38 4.13 1 820 59.09 2.26 0.55 0.24 Jordan 165.3 14.49 6.56 5 223 67.01 11.08 0.97 0.44 Kazakhstan 23.0 15.20 6.04 157 16.62 0.38 0.25 0.10 Kenya 226.9 7.18 5.44 10 878 49.93 11.33 0.36 0.27 Korea 62.2 14.77 5.56 2 915 77.13 4.80 1.14 0.43 Kosovo1 369.1 13.60 8.60 16 254 57.59 21.26 0.78 0.50 Kuwait 26.1 21.27 5.66 1 951 55.20 1.44 1.17 0.31 Kyrgyzstan 33.0 12.94 4.48 865 72.55 2.40 0.94 0.32 Lao People’s Dem. Rep. 98.2 6.15 3.39 3 727 37.30 3.66 0.23 0.13 Latvia 52.7 7.64 3.88 2 835 70.56 3.72 0.54 0.27 Lebanon 135.1 22.63 8.03 4 041 50.11 6.77 1.13 0.40 Libya 114.0 6.63 3.28 4 448 35.00 3.99 0.23 0.11 Lithuania 265.9 2.55 2.49 12 269 54.99 14.62 0.14 0.14 Luxembourg 120.4 10.58 4.25 5 102 61.49 7.41 0.65 0.26 Malaysia 60.5 2.26 1.50 5 078 54.48 3.30 0.12 0.08 Malta 48.7 4.55 2.19 2 412 67.70 3.30 0.31 0.15 Mauritius 61.1 6.13 3.22 2 425 54.53 3.33 0.33 0.18 Mexico 63.0 18.32 5.41 2 172 49.47 3.12 0.91 0.27 Republic of Moldova 1. Please refer to geographical coverage section for more detail. 65 Energy indicators Key World Energy Statistics Selected indicators for 2019 Region / Country / Economy Popu- GDP GDP lation (PPP) (million) (billion (billion 2015USD) 2015USD) Energy prod. (PJ) Net imports (PJ) Mongolia 3.2 14.1 38.8 1 172 -743 Montenegro 0.6 4.8 11.9 31 15 Morocco 36.5 112.3 274.4 94 861 Mozambique 30.4 18.2 39.8 835 -371 Myanmar 54.0 83.8 287.5 1 208 -220 Namibia 2.5 11.2 24.2 24 64 Nepal 28.6 26.6 88.4 445 150 Netherlands 17.3 840.3 935.0 1 381 2 369 New Zealand 5.0 205.1 198.9 644 271 Nicaragua 6.5 12.9 33.3 96 74 Niger 23.3 12.1 28.7 150 -4 Nigeria 201.0 511.0 1 015.5 10 830 -4 208 North Macedonia (Rep. of) 2.1 11.1 31.8 48 70 Norway 5.3 406.9 330.4 8 142 -6 997 Oman 5.0 73.7 143.0 3 425 -2 361 Pakistan 216.6 322.1 1 038.3 3 076 1 621 Panama 4.2 64.0 118.9 35 362 Paraguay 7.0 40.9 86.8 308 -4 Peru 32.5 214.8 399.1 1 030 51 Philippines 108.1 395.9 948.2 1 349 1 264 Poland 38.4 570.1 1 217.5 2 484 2 043 Portugal 10.3 221.9 342.0 246 769 Qatar 2.8 170.0 250.7 9 406 -7 469 Romania 19.4 217.1 523.0 1 027 420 Russian Federation 144.4 1 445.5 3 738.3 64 056 -30 553 Saudi Arabia 34.3 678.6 1 599.1 26 796 -17 854 Senegal 16.3 22.7 55.4 75 142 Serbia 6.9 45.5 121.4 428 230 Singapore 5.7 345.7 540.3 27 3 696 Slovak Republic 5.5 98.9 181.4 295 497 Slovenia 2.1 50.2 76.0 145 151 TES Elec. CO2 cons.1 emissions2 (PJ) (TWh) (Mt of CO2) 279 46 932 464 985 86 591 2 995 858 167 142 6 595 117 1 148 982 4 663 205 301 1 085 2 580 4 301 911 1 731 1 379 32 349 8 984 201 640 1 441 714 285 7.7 3.2 34.0 13.7 19.8 4.1 6.6 116.9 41.9 3.9 1.4 26.7 6.7 127.1 34.6 116.4 10.0 13.2 50.7 96.0 165.7 51.6 47.1 54.6 1 004.0 354.5 4.8 33.3 53.9 28.4 14.9 22.7 2.6 65.9 6.6 35.1 3.8 10.0 146.3 33.4 4.9 2.1 92.0 8.0 34.9 69.0 174.5 12.6 7.8 52.2 135.3 287.4 42.4 86.9 70.1 1 640.3 495.2 8.5 45.1 47.4 29.7 13.1 1. Electricity consumption = Gross production + imports – exports – losses. 2. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEA Energy Balances and the Revised 2006 IPCC Guidelines, and exclude emissions from non-energy use. 66 Key World Energy Statistics Energy indicators Selected indicators for 2019 TES/ TES/ TES/ Elec. CO2/ CO2/ CO2/ CO2/GDP pop. GDP GDP(PPP) cons./pop. TES pop. GDP (PPP) (GJ/capita) (GJ/000 (GJ/000 (kWh/ (tCO2/TJ) (tCO2/ (kgCO2/ (kgCO2/ 2015 USD) 2015 USD) capita) capita) 2015 USD) 2015 USD) Region / Country / Economy 86.4 19.74 7.19 2 390 81.32 7.03 1.61 0.58 Mongolia 73.3 9.58 3.82 5 130 57.05 4.18 0.55 0.22 Montenegro 25.5 8.30 3.40 933 70.73 1.81 0.59 0.24 Morocco 15.3 25.57 11.68 452 14.11 0.22 0.36 0.16 Mozambique 18.2 11.75 3.42 367 35.68 0.65 0.42 0.12 Myanmar 34.6 7.74 3.57 1 635 44.09 1.53 0.34 0.16 Namibia 20.7 22.21 6.68 231 16.95 0.35 0.38 0.11 Nepal 172.7 3.56 3.20 6 737 48.85 8.44 0.17 0.16 Netherlands 171.1 4.18 4.31 8 350 38.95 6.66 0.16 0.17 New Zealand 25.5 12.97 5.02 599 29.22 0.75 0.38 0.15 Nicaragua 6.1 11.72 4.96 58 14.53 0.09 0.17 0.07 Niger 32.8 12.91 6.49 133 13.95 0.46 0.18 0.09 Nigeria 56.3 10.54 3.69 3 225 67.77 3.82 0.71 0.25 North Macedonia (Rep. of) 214.7 2.82 3.47 23 762 30.37 6.52 0.09 0.11 Norway 197.3 13.32 6.86 6 959 70.29 13.87 0.94 0.48 Oman 21.5 14.47 4.49 538 37.43 0.81 0.54 0.17 Pakistan 48.4 3.21 1.73 2 352 61.21 2.96 0.20 0.11 Panama 42.7 7.36 3.47 1 878 25.93 1.11 0.19 0.09 Paraguay 33.4 5.05 2.72 1 558 48.13 1.61 0.24 0.13 Peru 23.9 6.52 2.72 888 52.42 1.25 0.34 0.14 Philippines 112.0 7.54 3.53 4 316 66.82 7.49 0.50 0.24 Poland 88.6 4.11 2.67 5 017 46.53 4.12 0.19 0.12 Portugal 611.3 10.18 6.91 16 632 50.19 30.68 0.51 0.35 Qatar 71.2 6.35 2.64 2 823 50.83 3.62 0.32 0.13 Romania 224.1 22.38 8.65 6 954 50.71 11.36 1.13 0.44 Russian Federation 262.2 13.24 5.62 10 344 55.12 14.45 0.73 0.31 Saudi Arabia 12.3 8.84 3.63 293 42.38 0.52 0.37 0.15 Senegal 92.2 14.09 5.27 4 801 70.49 6.50 0.99 0.37 Serbia 252.7 4.17 2.67 9 449 32.87 8.31 0.14 0.09 Singapore 131.0 7.22 3.94 5 215 41.54 5.44 0.30 0.16 Slovak Republic 136.2 5.67 3.74 7 143 46.12 6.28 0.26 0.17 Slovenia 67 Energy indicators Key World Energy Statistics Selected indicators for 2019 Region / Country / Economy South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Popu- GDP GDP Energy Net TES lation (PPP) prod. imports (million) (billion (billion (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) 2015 USD) 2015 USD) Elec. CO2 cons.1 emissions2 (TWh) (Mt of CO2) 58.6 326.4 714.5 11.1 11.3 15.8 47.1 1 324.6 1 796.0 21.8 92.2 277.2 42.8 77.2 204.1 0.6 4.7 8.8 10.3 549.8 523.8 8.6 757.9 590.2 17.1 17.9 39.5 23.8 578.6 1 128.2 9.3 10.4 33.4 58.0 60.3 149.4 69.6 460.5 1 247.7 8.1 5.1 12.5 1.4 22.9 34.4 11.7 46.2 122.1 82.6 997.5 2 334.0 5.9 45.7 97.3 44.4 101.8 487.0 9.8 388.8 652.6 66.8 3 115.4 2 944.4 328.5 19 974.5 19 974.5 3.5 56.6 73.3 33.6 101.0 244.9 28.5 251.9 559.5 96.5 251.2 735.2 29.2 36.8 119.2 17.9 24.1 61.9 14.6 20.3 37.6 6 689 374 1428 218 758 40 1 554 547 186 483 120 828 3 144 114 1 442 212 1 913 3 395 2 531 9 945 5 093 96 706 140 2 281 3 379 2 514 114 391 415 -615 -340 4 210 332 79 6 659 563 218 4 301 44 106 2 948 26 -716 273 4 428 -2 186 1 376 -6 766 2 684 -845 85 -353 -1 982 1 484 65 49 54 5 867 30 5 083 506 828 44 2 053 1 023 388 4 585 162 928 5 803 138 717 472 6 134 1 189 3 741 2 204 7 145 92 644 221 1 971 1 386 3 818 174 440 464 224.6 0.6 255.3 14.9 13.1 1.8 131.4 63.1 13.6 265.2 15.4 7.0 200.1 1.4 8.8 18.3 272.0 16.4 133.7 131.4 317.3 4 186.7 11.8 60.1 57.8 223.8 2.9 12.9 7.4 433.6 1.7 230.9 22.7 18.5 2.6 33.7 35.6 23.6 256.0 7.5 10.7 251.4 1.5 16.6 26.2 366.4 69.2 170.4 178.0 342.2 4 744.4 6.2 111.8 90.1 282.3 9.6 5.7 11.1 1. Electricity consumption = Gross production + imports – exports – losses. 2. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEA Energy Balances and the Revised 2006 IPCC Guidelines, and exclude emissions from non-energy use. 68 Key World Energy Statistics Energy indicators Selected indicators for 2019 TES/ TES/ TES/ Elec. CO2/ pop. GDP GDP(PPP) cons./pop. TES (GJ/capita) (GJ/000 (GJ/000 (kWh/ (tCO2/TJ) 2015 USD) 2015 USD) capita) CO2/ pop. (tCO2/ capita) CO2/ CO2/GDP GDP (PPP) (kgCO2/ (kgCO2/ 2015 USD) 2015 USD) 100.2 17.97 8.21 3 835 73.90 7.40 1.33 0.61 2.7 2.69 1.92 51 56.14 0.15 0.15 0.11 107.9 3.84 2.83 5 421 45.43 4.90 0.17 0.13 23.2 5.49 1.83 685 44.83 1.04 0.25 0.08 19.3 10.72 4.06 306 22.34 0.43 0.24 0.09 75.6 9.37 4.99 3 062 60.04 4.54 0.56 0.30 199.7 3.73 3.92 12 787 16.39 3.27 0.06 0.06 119.3 1.35 1.73 7 354 34.83 4.16 0.05 0.06 22.7 21.70 9.83 794 60.77 1.38 1.32 0.60 192.9 7.92 4.06 11 155 55.83 10.77 0.44 0.23 17.3 15.58 4.84 1 647 46.64 0.81 0.73 0.23 16.0 15.38 6.21 121 11.54 0.18 0.18 0.07 83.3 12.60 4.65 2 873 43.32 3.61 0.55 0.20 17.0 27.04 11.05 168 10.88 0.19 0.29 0.12 513.9 31.32 20.83 6 282 23.15 11.90 0.73 0.48 40.3 10.21 3.86 1 563 55.53 2.24 0.57 0.21 74.3 6.15 2.63 3 294 59.74 4.44 0.37 0.16 200.0 26.00 12.21 2 767 58.23 11.65 1.51 0.71 84.3 36.75 7.68 3 011 45.55 3.84 1.67 0.35 225.5 5.67 3.38 13 451 80.77 18.22 0.46 0.27 107.0 2.29 2.43 4 750 47.90 5.12 0.11 0.12 282.0 4.64 4.64 12 744 51.21 14.44 0.24 0.24 63.7 3.90 3.01 3 397 27.96 1.78 0.11 0.08 58.7 19.52 8.05 1 791 56.73 3.33 1.11 0.46 48.6 5.50 2.48 2 028 64.99 3.16 0.36 0.16 39.6 15.20 5.19 2 320 73.93 2.93 1.12 0.38 6.0 4.74 1.46 98 55.11 0.33 0.26 0.08 24.6 18.21 7.10 721 13.05 0.32 0.24 0.09 31.7 22.89 12.35 506 23.82 0.76 0.55 0.29 Region / Country / Economy South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Sources: Energy data: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. Population, GDP and GDP(PPP) (in 2015 USD): OECD/World Bank/Base CHELEM-PIB, CEPII Bureau van Dijk. 69 Conversion factors Key World Energy Statistics Conversion factors and unit abbreviations General conversion factors for energy From: PJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh To: PJ multiply by: 1 4.187 x 10-6 4.187 x 101 1.055 x 10-6 3.600 x 10-3 Gcal 2.388 x 105 1 1.000 x 107 2.520 x 10-1 8.598 x 102 Mtoe 2.388 x10-2 1.000 x 10-7 1 2.520 x 10-8 8.598 x 10-5 MBtu 9.478 x 105 3.968 3.968 x 107 1 3.412 x 103 Conversion factors for mass GWh 2.778 x 102 1.163 x 10-3 1.163 x 104 2.931 x 10-4 1 To: kg From: multiply by: kilogramme (kg) 1 tonne (t) 1.000 x 103 long ton (lt) 1.016 x 103 short ton (st) 9.072 x 102 pound (lb) 4.536 x 10–1 t 1.000 x 10-3 1 1.016 9.072 x 10–1 4.536 x 10–4 lt 9.842 x 10–4 9.842 x 10–1 1 8.929 x 10–1 4.464 x 10–4 st 1.102 x 10–3 1.102 1.120 1 5.000 x 10–4 lb 2.205 2.205 x 103 2.240 x 103 2.000 x 103 1 Conversion factors for volume To: gal U.S. gal U.K. bbl ft3 l m3 From: multiply by: U.S. gallon (gal U.S.) 1 8.327 x 10-1 2.381 x 10-2 1.337 x 10-1 3.785 3.785 x 10-3 U.K. gallon (gal U.K.) 1.201 1 2.859 x 10-2 1.605 x 10-1 4.546 4.546 x 10-3 barrel (bbl) 4.200 x 101 3.497 x 101 1 5.615 1.590 x 102 1.590 x 10-1 cubic foot (ft3) 7.481 6.229 1.781 x 10-1 1 2.832 x 101 2.832 x 10-2 litre (l) 2.642 x 10-1 2.200 x 10-1 6.290 x 10-3 3.531 x 10-2 1 1.000 x 10-3 cubic metre (m3) 2.642 x 102 2.200 x 102 6.290 3.531 x 101 1.000 x 103 1 70 Key World Energy Statistics Conversion factors Conversion factors and unit abbreviations Selected country-specific net calorific values Steam coal Top-ten producers in 2020 People's Rep. of China India Indonesia Australia United States Russian Federation South Africa Kazakhstan Poland Colombia kJ/kg 22 172 17 076 20 047 26 639 23 824 26 572 22 251 18 177 24 531 28 760 Crude oil1 Top-ten producers in 2020 United States Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Canada Iraq People's Rep. of China United Arab Emirates Brazil Kuwait Islamic Rep. of Iran Default net calorific values kJ/kg 42 790 42 077 42 538 42 790 42 831 41 868 42 622 42 705 42 538 42 663 Refinery gas Ethane Liquefied petroleum gases Motor gasoline excl. biofuels Aviation gasoline Gasoline type jet fuel Kerosene type jet fuel Kerosene Gas/diesel oil excl. biofuels Fuel oil Naphtha White spirit Lubricants Bitumen Paraffin waxes Petroleum coke Non-specified oil products Oil products OECD Europe2 49 500 49 500 46 000 44 000 44 000 43 000 43 000 43 000 42 600 40 000 44 000 43 600 42 000 39 000 40 000 32 000 40 000 OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania kJ/kg 48 100 48 100 49 400 49 400 47 300 47 700 44 800 44 600 44 800 44 600 44 800 44 600 44 600 44 500 43 800 42 900 42 600 42 600 40 200 42 600 45 000 43 200 43 000 43 000 42 000 42 900 40 000 38 800 40 000 40 000 32 000 33 800 40 000 40 000 Non-OECD 48 100 49 400 47 300 44 800 44 800 44 800 44 600 43 800 43 300 40 200 45 000 43 000 42 000 39 000 40 000 32 000 40 000 1. Excludes NGL, feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons. 2. Defaults for OECD Europe were also applied to non-OECD Europe and Eurasia countries. 71 Conversion factors Key World Energy Statistics Conversion factors and unit abbreviations Selected country-specific gross calorific values Natural gas Top-ten producers in 2020 kJ/m3 United States 38 602 Russian Federation 38 230 Islamic Rep. of Iran 39 356 People's Rep. of China 38 931 Canada 39 280 Qatar 41 400 Australia 39 914 Norway 39 349 Saudi Arabia 38 000 Algeria 39 565 Note: To calculate the net calorific value, the gross calorific value is multiplied by 0.9. Conventions for electricity Figures for electricity production, trade, and final consumption are calculated using the energy content of the electricity (i.e. at a rate of 1 TWh = 3.6 PJ). Hydroelectricity production (excluding pumped storage) and electricity produced by other non-thermal means (wind, tide/wave/ocean, solar photovoltaic, etc.) are accounted for similarly using 1 TWh = 3.6 PJ. However, the primary energy equivalent of nuclear electricity is calculated from the gross generation by assuming a 33% conversion efficiency, i.e. 1 TWh (3.6 ÷ 0.33) PJ. For geothermal and solar thermal, if no country-specific information is reported, the primary energy equivalent is calculated as follows:  10 % for geothermal electricity  50 % for geothermal heat  33 % for solar thermal electricity  100 % for solar thermal heat. Unit abbreviations bcm billion cubic metres MBtu Gcal gigacalorie Mt GCV gross calorific value MWh GW gigawatt PPP GWh gigawatt hour t kb/cd thousand barrels per calendar day TJ kcal kilocalorie PJ kg kilogramme EJ kJ kilojoule TWh kWh kilowatt hour USD million British thermal units million tonnes megawatt hour purchasing power parity metric ton = tonne = 1 000 kg terajoule petajoule exajoule terawatt hour United States dollar 72 Key World Energy Statistics Glossary Definitions Coal Coal includes all coal, both primary (including coking coal, steam coal and lignite) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, BKB, gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and other recovered gases). For presentational purposes, peat (including peat products) and oil shale are also included in this category, where applicable. Steam coal Steam coal comprises anthracite, other bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal. Crude oil Crude oil comprises crude oil, natural gas liquids, refinery feedstocks and additives as well as other hydrocarbons. Oil products Oil products comprises refinery gas, ethane, LPG, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke and other oil products. Natural gas Natural gas includes both “associated” and “non-associated” gas, excluding natural gas liquids. Nuclear Nuclear shows the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced by a nuclear power plant with an average thermal efficiency of 33%. Renewables Renewables includes hydro, geothermal, solar PV, solar thermal, tide/wave/ocean, wind, municipal waste (renewable), primary solid biofuels, biogases, biogasoline, biodiesel, other liquid biofuels, non-specified primary biofuels and waste and charcoal. Hydro Hydro shows the energy content of the electricity produced in hydro power plants. Hydro output excludes output from pumped storage plants. Solar photovoltaic (PV) Solar PV electricity refers to electricity produced from solar photovoltaics, i.e. by the direct conversion of solar radiation through photovoltaic processes in semiconductor devices (solar cells), including concentrating photovoltaic systems. Wind Wind electricity refers to electricity produced from devices driven by wind. Biofuels and waste Biofuels and waste comprises solid biofuels, liquid biofuels, biogases, industrial waste and municipal waste. Biofuels are defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into fuels (e.g. charcoal) or electricity and/or heat. Included here are wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), ethanol, animal materials/wastes and sulphite lyes. Municipal waste comprises wastes produced by residential, commercial and public services, that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location for the production of heat and/or power. 73 Glossary Key World Energy Statistics Definitions Other (Energy source) Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide/wave/ocean energy, electricity and heat. Unless the actual efficiency of geothermal and solar thermal is known, the quantity of geothermal and solar energy entering electricity generation is inferred from the electricity/heat production at geothermal and solar plants assuming an average thermal efficiency of:  10% for geothermal electricity  50% for geothermal heat  33% for solar thermal electricity  100% for solar thermal heat. For solar PV, wind and tide/wave/ocean energy, the quantities entering electricity generation are equal to the electrical energy generated. Direct use of geothermal and solar heat is also included here. Electricity is accounted for at the same heat value as electricity in final consumption (i.e. 1 TWh = 3.6 PJ). Heat includes heat that is produced for sale and is accounted for in the transformation sector. Production Production is the production of primary energy, i.e. coking coal, steam coal, lignite, peat, oil shale, crude oil, NGLs, natural gas, biofuels and waste, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind and the heat from heat pumps that is extracted from the ambient environment. Production is calculated after removal of impurities (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). Imports and exports Imports and exports comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country, whether or not customs clearance has taken place. a) Oil and natural gas Quantities of crude oil and oil products imported or exported under processing agreements (i.e. refining on account) are included. Quantities of oil in transit are excluded. Crude oil, NGL and natural gas are reported as coming from the country of origin; refinery feedstocks and oil products are reported as coming from the country of last consignment. Re-exports of oil imported for processing within bonded areas are shown as exports of product from the processing country to the final destination. b) Coal Imports and exports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from or supplied to other countries, whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the relevant countries. Coal in transit is not included. c) Electricity Amounts are considered as imported or exported when they have crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country. International marine bunkers International marine bunkers covers those quantities delivered to ships of all flags that are engaged in international navigation. The international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing vessels and by military forces is also excluded. 74 Key World Energy Statistics Glossary Definitions International aviation bunkers International aviation bunkers covers deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for international aviation. Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. For many countries this incorrectly excludes fuel used by domestically owned carriers for their international departures. Stock changes Stock changes reflects the difference between opening stock levels on the first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation industries and large consumers. A stock build is shown as a negative number, and a stock draw as a positive number. Total energy supply (TES) Total energy supply (TES) is made up of production + imports – exports – international marine bunkers – international aviation bunkers ± stock changes. For the world total, international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers are not subtracted from TES. Transfers Transfers includes both interproduct transfers, products transferred and recycled products (e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed). Statistical differences Statistical differences are essentially the difference between supply and demand. They include the sum of the unexplained statistical differences for individual fuels, as they appear in the basic energy statistics. They also include the statistical differences that arise because of the variety of conversion factors in the coal and oil columns. Electricity plants Electricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputs cannot be distinguished on a unit basis) then the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Both main activity producers and autoproducer plants are included here. Oil refineries Oil refineries shows the use of primary energy for the manufacture of finished oil products and the corresponding output. Thus, the total reflects transformation losses. In certain cases the data in the total column are positive numbers. This can be due to either problems in the primary refinery balance or to the fact that the IEA uses regional net calorific values for oil products. Other transformation Other transformation covers non-specified transformation not shown elsewhere, such as the transformation of primary solid biofuels into charcoal. Energy industry own use Energy industry own use contains the primary and secondary energy consumed by transformation industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC 05, 06, 19 and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721]. 75 Glossary Key World Energy Statistics Definitions Losses Losses include losses in energy distribution, transmission and transport. Total final consumption (TFC) Total final consumption (TFC) is the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors and also includes non-energy use. Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in final consumption. Industry Industry consumption is specified by sub-sector as listed below. Energy used for transport by industry is not included here but is reported under transport. Non-energy use in industry is excluded from industry and reported separately:  Mining (excluding fuels) and quarrying [ISIC Divisions 07 and 08 and Group 099]  Construction [ISIC Divisions 41 to 43]  Iron and steel industry [ISIC Group 241 and Class 2431]  Chemical and petrochemical industry [ISIC Divisions 20 and 21] excluding petrochemical feedstocks  Non-ferrous metals basic industries [ISIC Group 242 and Class 2432]  Non-metallic minerals such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc. [ISIC Division 23]  Transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 29 and 30]  Machinery comprises fabricated metal products. machinery and equipment other than transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 25 to 28]  Food and tobacco [ISIC Divisions 10 to 12]  Paper. pulp and printing [ISIC Divisions 17 and 18]  Wood and wood products (other than pulp and paper) [ISIC Division 16]  Textile and leather [ISIC Divisions 13 to 15]  Non-specified (any manufacturing industry not included above) [ISIC Divisions 22. 31 and 32]. Transport Transport includes all fuels used for transport [ISIC Divisions 49 to 51]. It includes transport in industry and covers domestic aviation, road, rail, pipeline transport, domestic navigation and nonspecified transport. Fuel used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing (included under fishing) and military consumption (included in other non-specified) are excluded from transport. Please note that international marine and international aviation bunkers are also included here for world total. Nonenergy use in transport is excluded from transport and reported separately. Other (Energy final consumption) Other covers residential, commercial and public services [ISIC Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58-66, 68-75, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-99], agriculture/forestry [ISIC Divisions 01 and 02], fishing [ISIC Division 03] and non-specified consumption. Non-energy use Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in the different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or transformed into another fuel. Non-energy use also includes petrochemical feedstocks. Non-energy use is shown separately in final consumption under the heading non-energy use. 76 Key World Energy Statistics Glossary Geographical coverage World OECD1 Total, Africa, Non-OECD Americas, Non-OECD Asia (excluding China), China (People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong, China), Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia, Middle East, World aviation bunkers and World marine bunkers. It is also the sum of Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, Oceania, World aviation bunkers and World marine bunkers. Africa Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, the Republic of the Congo (Congo), Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, the Kingdom of Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion (until 2010), Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, the Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan (from 2012), Sudan, the United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania), Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Americas Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia), Bonaire (from 2012), the British Virgin Islands, Brazil, Canada, the Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica9, Cuba, Curaçao2, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Guatemala, French Guiana (until 2010), Grenada, Guadeloupe (until 2010), Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique (until 2010), Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico8, Saba (from 2012), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Eustatius (from 2012), Sint Maarten (from 2012), Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, the Turks and Caicos Islands, the United States, Uruguay, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela). Asia (from 1990) Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China, Cyprus3, Georgia, Hong Kong (China), India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel4, Japan, Jordan, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Korea, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Macau (China), China, Malaysia, the Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkey, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, and Yemen. Europe (from 1990) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France5, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo6, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Republic of Moldova (Moldova), Montenegro, the Netherlands, the Republic of North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia7, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom. Oceania Australia, New Zealand, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu. 77 Glossary Key World Energy Statistics Geographical coverage OECD1 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel4, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States. OECD Americas Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the United States. OECD Asia Oceania Australia, Israel4, Japan, Korea, New Zealand. OECD Europe Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom. The IEA and Accession/Association countries IEA member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States; Accession countries: Chile, Colombia, Israel4 and Lithuania; Association countries: Brazil, the People’s Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand. Middle East Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus3, Georgia, Gibraltar, Kazakhstan, Kosovo6, Kyrgyzstan, Malta, the Republic of Moldova (Moldova), Montenegro, the Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia7, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, the Former Soviet Union and the Former Yugoslavia. China People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong (China). Non-OECD Asia excluding China Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (from 1995), India, Indonesia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mongolia (from 1985), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Viet Nam and Other non-OECD Asia. Non-OECD Americas Argentina, the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia), Brazil, Costa Rica9, Cuba, Curaçao2, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname (from 2000), Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela) and Other non-OECD Americas. 78 Key World Energy Statistics Glossary Geographical coverage 1. OECD includes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included in Former Soviet Union and Slovenia is included in Former Yugoslavia. 2. The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, with the other islands joining the Netherlands as special municipalities. From 2012 onwards, data now account for the energy statistics of Curaçao Island only. Prior to 2012, data remain unchanged and still cover the entire territory of the former Netherlands Antilles. 3. Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union member states of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. 4. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. 5. Data for the overseas departments are included in Europe starting with 2011, and in other regions as appropriate (America or Africa) until 2010. 6. This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence. 7. Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999. 8. Natural gas and electricity data for Puerto Rico are included under Other non-OECD Americas, except for input to and output to electricity and heat generation, included under the United States starting with 2017 data. 9. Data for Costa Rica, that joined the OECD in May 2021, are not included in the OECD aggregate in this publication. Note: The countries listed above are those for which the IEA Secretariat has direct statistics contacts. This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication ‘country’ refers to country, economy or territory, as the case may be. 79 Key World Energy Statistics Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t&c. This publication reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat but does not necessarily reflect those of individual IEA member countries. The IEA makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, in respect of the publication’s contents (including its completeness or accuracy) and shall not be responsible for any use of, or reliance on, the publication. Unless otherwise indicated, all material presented in figures and tables is derived from IEA data and analysis. This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. IEA. All rights reserved. IEA Publications International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Contact information: www.iea.org/about/contact Typeset in France by IEA - September 2021 Cover design: IEA. The paper used for this document has received certification from the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) for being produced respecting PEFC’s ecological, social land ethical standards. PEFC is an international non-profit, non-governmental organization dedicated to promoting Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) through independent third-party certification. 80