Concerns about the energy used by digital technologies are not new. Near the peak of the dot-com boom in the 1990s, a Forbes article lamented, “Somewhere in America, a lump of coal is burned every time a book is ordered online.” The authors of the article, which became widely cited in subsequent years in debates about energy policy, estimated that “half of the electric grid will be powering the digital-Internet economy within the next decade.” However, the estimate was wrong, with errors in b
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