Over the past few decades, the Egyptian economic system has undergonesignificant changes, transitioning from protectionism in the 1950s to anopen-door policy in the late 1960s. The Egyptian Competition Law (ECL)was eventually enacted in 2005, aiming to regulate economic activitiesand prevent anti-competitive practices. Subsequent amendments in 2008,2014, and 2022 introduced merger control regimes, a leniency program, andenhanced the Egyptian Competition Authority (ECA)’s independence. E
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