The health workforce—clinical, administrative, and support staff—is centralto the effective delivery of quality public health services. This report aims to(1) synthesize a large body of literature on the key drivers of health workforceproductivity, focusing on low-income and lower-middle income country contexts(LICs and LMICs); and (2) elaborate on some of these drivers with descriptivestatistics from Mali and Madagascar based on primary data derived from surveysof health workers conduc